Infertility and spontaneous abortion
Distribution of infertility causes in developed countries
| Infertility cause | WHO 1988 | France 1989 | Geneva 1991 |
| Female cause only | 35% | 33% | 50% |
| Male cause only | 25% | 20% | 27% |
| Cause found in both | 24% | 39% | 20% |
| No cause found in both | 16% | 8% | 3% |