Pregnancy

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Rh isoimmunization

Australia

• National Blood Authority
  • Guideline for the prophylactic use of Rh D immunoglobulin in pregnancy care

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Guidelines for the use of Rh(D) Immunoglobulin (Anti-D) in obstetrics [2023]

Canada

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Approach to red blood cell antibody testing during pregnancy: Answers to commonly asked questions [2020]

• Ontario Health
  • Noninvasive Fetal RhD Blood Group Genotyping: A Health Technology Assessment [2020]

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Prevention of Rh D Alloimmunization [2024]
  • Routine Non-invasive Prenatal Prediction of Fetal RHD Genotype in Canada: The Time is Here [2017]

Colombia

• Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología
  • Colombian consensus for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of Rhesus disease [2024]

Finland

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Time points and risk factors for RhD immunizations after the implementation of targeted routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis: A retrospective nationwide cohort study [2022]

France

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Effectiveness and costs of non-invasive foetal RHD genotyping in rhesus-D negative mothers: a French multicentric two-arm study of 850 women [2018]

International

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: systematic literature review of the antenatal landscape [2023]
  • Targeted antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for RhD-negative pregnant women: a systematic review [2020]
  • Appropriate provision of anti-D prophylaxis to RhD negative pregnant women: a scoping review [2014]

• British Journal of Haematology
  • International guidelines regarding the role of IVIG in the management of Rh- and ABO-mediated haemolytic disease of the newborn [2022]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: A call to action [2021]

• Pediatric Research
  • Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Rhesus disease of the newborn: incidence and impairment estimates for 2010 at regional and global levels [2013]

• PLoS ONE
  • Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to Rh(D) incompatibility: A preventable disease that still produces significant morbidity and mortality in children [2020]
  • Antenatal and postpartum prevention of Rh alloimmunization: A systematic review and GRADE analysis [2020]

Israel, United States

• BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health
  • Rhesus isoimmunisation in unsensitised RhD-negative individuals seeking abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation: a systematic review [2022]

Italy

• Società Italiana di Medicina Trasfusionale e Immunoematologia
  • Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn [2015]
  • Survey on the prevention and incidence of haemolytic disease of the newborn in Italy [2013]

Netherlands

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Risk factors for RhD immunisation in a high coverage prevention programme of antenatal and postnatal RhIg: a nationwide cohort study [2022]

• BMJ
  • Sensitivity of fetal RHD screening for safe guidance of targeted anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis: prospective cohort study of a nationwide programme in the Netherlands [2016]

New Zealand

• New Zealand College of Midwives
  • Anti-D prophylaxis administration during pregnancy and early postpartum [2021]

• Starship
  • Hydrops fetalis [2020]

Norway

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Following targeted routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis, almost half of the pregnant women had undetectable anti-D prophylaxis at delivery [2022]

• Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
  • Terminating Routine Cord Blood RhD Typing of the Newborns to Guide Postnatal Anti-D Immunoglobulin Prophylaxis Based on the Results of Fetal RHD Genotyping [2023]

United Kingdom

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Routine administration of Anti-D: the ethical case for offering pregnant women fetal RHD genotyping and a review of policy and practice [2014]

• British Society for Haematology
  • Guideline for blood grouping and red cell antibody testing in pregnancy [2016]
  • BCSH guideline for the use of anti-D immunoglobulin for the prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn [2014]

• Health Technology Assessment
  • High-throughput non-invasive prenatal testing for fetal rhesus D status in RhD-negative women not known to be sensitised to the RhD antigen: a systematic review and economic evaluation [2018]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • High-throughput non-invasive prenatal testing for fetal RHD genotype [2016]
  • Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for women who are rhesus D negative [2008]

• NHS England
  • Management of fetal anaemia secondary to red cell alloimmunisation [2015]

• Transfusion Medicine
  • Implementation of high-throughput non-invasive prenatal testing for fetal RHD genotype testing in England: Results of a cross-sectional survey of maternity units and expert interviews [2020]

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Blood group & RhD status and red cell alloantibodies

United States

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Rho(D) Immune Globulin Shortages [2024]
  • Rh D Immune Globulin Administration After Abortion or Pregnancy Loss at Less Than 12 Weeks of Gestation [2024]
  • ACOG Clinical Practice Update: Paternal and Fetal Genotyping in the Management of Alloimmunization in Pregnancy [2024]
  • ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 192: Management of Alloimmunization During Pregnancy [2018]

• Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
  • Obstetric and Newborn Weak D-Phenotype RBC Testing and Rh Immune Globulin Management Recommendations: Lessons From a Blinded Specimen-Testing Survey of 81 Transfusion Services [2023]

• College of American Pathologists
  • Use of Fetal Hemoglobin Quantitation for Rh-Positive Pregnant Females: A National Survey and Review of the Literature [2019]
  • It's time to phase in RHD genotyping for patients with a serologic weak D phenotype. College of American Pathologists Transfusion Medicine Resource Committee Work Group [2015]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Statement: RhD immune globulin after spontaneous or induced abortion at less than 12 weeks of gestation [2024]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Clinical Guideline #8: The fetus at risk for anemia–diagnosis and management [2015]

• Transfusion
  • It’s time to phase-in RHD genotyping for patients with a serological weak D phenotype [2014]

• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
  • Rh(D) Incompatibility: Screening [2004]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Prenatal screening and diagnosis
  • Obstetrics, perinatology