Maternal and neonatal infections

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Vaccines in pregnancy

Argentina

• Vaccine
  • Maternal immunization in Argentina: A storyline from the prospective of a middle income country [2015]

Australia

• Australian Journal of General Practice
  • Maternal vaccinations [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • An evaluation of strategies to achieve greater than 90% coverage of maternal influenza and pertussis vaccines including an economic evaluation [2021]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • The Safety of Influenza and Pertussis Vaccination in Pregnancy in a Cohort of Australian Mother-Infant Pairs, 2012–2015: The FluMum Study [2019]

• Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  • Vaccination for women who are planning pregnancy, pregnant or breastfeeding | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Regulatory agencies have a role to play in maintaining consumer confidence in vaccine safety for pregnant women [2020]

• National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance
  • Vaccine recommendations for pregnant women – a guide for health professionals

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Pre-Pregnancy and Pregnancy Related Vaccinations [2024]

Brazil

• Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • Vaccination in pregnant and postpartum wome [2020]

Canada

• BMC Medicine
  • Cost-effectiveness of nirsevimab and maternal RSVpreF for preventing respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants across Canada [2025]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Impact of national recommendations for routine pertussis vaccination during pregnancy on infant pertussis in Ontario, Canada: a population-based time-series study [2023]

• BMJ Open
  • Resources available for parent-provider vaccine communication in pregnancy in Canada: a scoping review [2023]

• CMAJ Open
  • Pertussis vaccination in pregnancy in Canada: a cost-utility analysis [2020]

• Government of Alberta
  • Tdap immunization policy for pharmacists

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Vaccination during pregnancy: Canadian maternity care providers' opinions and practices [2020]

• Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
  • Pertussis Vaccination in Canadian Pregnant Women, 2018-2019 [2022]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Immunizations

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Update on immunization in pregnancy with Tdap vaccine [2018]
  • Vaccination during pregnancy
  • Immunization in pregnancy and breastfeeding: Canadian Immunization Guide

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • SOGC Statement on RSV Immunization to Prevent Infant RSV Infection [2024]
  • Immunization in Pregnancy [2018]

Colombia

• Journal of Public Health Research
  • Impact of childhood and maternal vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis in Colombia [2021]

Europe

• European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination in pregnancy - Position statement by the European board and college of obstetrics and gynaecology (EBCOG) [2025]

• European Vaccination Information Portal
  • Vaccination during pregnancy

• Expert Review of Vaccines
  • How to improve pertussis vaccination in pregnancy: a European expert review [2025]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Vaccination of pregnant women: an overview of European policies and strategies to promote it [2024]

• Journal of Personalized Medicine
  • Comprehensive Overview of Vaccination during Pregnancy in Europe [2021]

France

• Infectious Diseases Now
  • Pertussis vaccination in adults in France: Overview and suggestions for improvement [2024]

• Vaccine
  • Trust, emotions and risks: Pregnant women’s perceptions, confidence and decision-making practices around maternal vaccination in France [2021]

Germany

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Influenza and pertussis vaccination during pregnancy – attitudes, practices and barriers in gynaecological practices in Germany [2019]

• Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
  • Vaccination in Pregnancy [2021]

• Vaccine
  • Opportunities and challenges to the development and deployment of vaccines for pregnant women in Germany [2024]

Greece

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants and the potential value of maternal immunization in Greece [2025]

High-income countries

• Frontiers in Immunology
  • Barriers and Facilitators Associated With Vaccine Acceptance and Uptake Among Pregnant Women in High Income Countries: A Mini-Review [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Facilitators and barriers to vaccination uptake in pregnancy: A qualitative systematic review [2024]

India

• Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
  • Vaccination in Women [2024]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Vaccination during pregnancy: Today's need in India [2015]

International

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Maternal vaccination: a review of current evidence and recommendations [2022]

• Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Uptake of vaccination in pregnancy [2021]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Safety and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review [2020]

• European Journal of Pediatrics
  • Vaccination during pregnancy: current and possible future recommendations [2020]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Maternal pertussis immunisation: clinical gains and epidemiological legacy [2017]

• Frontiers in Immunology
  • Global Perspectives on Immunization During Pregnancy and Priorities for Future Research and Development: An International Consensus Statement [2020]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Protecting pregnant people & infants against influenza: A landscape review of influenza vaccine hesitancy during pregnancy and strategies for vaccine promotion [2022]
  • Maternal immunization country readiness: a checklist approach [2020]
  • A global survey of adverse event following immunization surveillance systems for pregnant women and their infants [2016]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Closer and closer? Maternal immunization: current promise, future horizons [2020]

• mSphere
  • The Fifth International Neonatal and Maternal Immunization Symposium (INMIS 2019): Securing Protection for the Next Generation [2021]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Global, regional, and national estimates of the impact of a maternal Klebsiella pneumoniae vaccine: A Bayesian modeling analysis [2023]

• Reproductive Health
  • A global living systematic review and meta-analysis hub of emerging vaccines in pregnancy and childhood [2025]

• Vaccine
  • Co-administration of vaccines in pregnancy: unique challenges and knowledge gaps [2025]
  • Vaccine hesitancy in pregnant Women: A narrative review [2023]
  • Exclusion of pregnant people from emergency vaccine clinical trials: A systematic review of clinical trial protocols and reporting from 2009 to 2019 [2023]
  • Adverse events associated with the use of recommended vaccines during pregnancy: An overview of systematic reviews [2021]
  • Obstetrics Risk Assessment: Evaluation of Selection Criteria for Vaccine Research Studies in Pregnant Women [2020]
  • A review of the costs of delivering maternal immunisation during pregnancy [2020]
  • Guideline for collection, analysis and presentation of safety data in clinical trials of vaccines in pregnant women [2016]
  • Guidance for the collection of case report form variables to assess safety in clinical trials of vaccines in pregnancy [2016]
  • Global alignment of immunization safety assessment in pregnancy – The GAIA project [2016]
  • Understanding factors influencing vaccination acceptance during pregnancy globally: A literature review [2015]
  • Key terms for the assessment of the safety of vaccines in pregnancy: Results of a global consultative process to initiate harmonization of adverse event definitions [2015]
  • A systematic review of adverse events following immunization during pregnancy and the newborn period [2015]

• Vaccine: X
  • WHO global vaccine safety multi-country collaboration project on safety in pregnancy: Assessing the level of diagnostic certainty using standardized case definitions for perinatal and neonatal outcomes and maternal immunization [2021]

Ireland

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Vaccines and pregnancy

Ireland, United Kingdom

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • A scoping review of the reasons for and approaches to non-uptake of pertussis and influenza vaccinations in pregnant women in the United Kingdom and Ireland [2023]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Impact of Extending the Timing of Maternal Pertussis Vaccination on Hospitalized Infant Pertussis in England, 2014–2018 [2021]
  • Infant Hospitalizations and Fatalities Averted by the Maternal Pertussis Vaccination Program in England, 2012–2017: Post-implementation Economic Evaluation [2020]

Israel

• Ministry of Health Israel
  • Recommended Vaccines Before and During Pregnancy

Kenya

• Gates Open Research
  • Antenatal care providers’ attitudes and beliefs towards maternal vaccination in Kenya [2021]

• Implementation Science
  • Decision-making process for introduction of maternal vaccines in Kenya, 2017–2018 [2021]

Latin America

• Vaccine
  • Enablers and barriers of maternal and neonatal immunization programs in Latin America [2021]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Maternal and neonatal immunization field guide for Latin America and the Caribbean: Annex on maternal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine [2025]
  • Maternal and Neonatal Immunization Field Guide for Latin America and the Caribbean [2017]

• Vaccine
  • Monitoring progress of maternal and neonatal immunization in Latin America and the Caribbean [2021]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Maternal and neonatal data collection systems in low- and middle-income countries for maternal vaccines active safety surveillance systems: A scoping review [2021]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Facilitators and barriers to maternal immunization and strategies to improve uptake in low-income and lower-middle income countries: A systematic review [2024]

• Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Adjustable Algorithmic Tool for Assessing the Effectiveness of Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccination on Infant Mortality in Developing Countries [2021]

• Vaccine
  • Path to impact: A report from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation convening on maternal immunization in resource-limited settings; Berlin – January 29–30, 2015 [2015]

• World Health Organization
  • Landscape analysis of pregnancy exposure registries in low- and middle-income countries [2023]

Malawi

• Vaccine
  • Maternal immunization in Malawi: A mixed methods study of community perceptions, programmatic considerations, and recommendations for future planning [2019]

Malaysia

• Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Malaysia
  • Malaysian Maternal Immunisation Consensus Guidelines [2024]

Mexico

• Vaccine
  • Pertussis infant morbidity and mortality trends after universal maternal immunisation in Mexico: An ecological database study with time-series analysis [2021]

Nepal

• Journal of Global Health
  • Cost-effectiveness of introducing a maternal vaccine or long-acting monoclonal antibody to prevent infant respiratory syncytial virus disease in Nepal [2025]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Immunisation Handbook

• Immunisation Advisory Centre
  • Immunisation in pregnancy and when breastfeeding

• Vaccine
  • Evidence of suboptimal maternal vaccination coverage in pregnant New Zealand women and increasing inequity over time: A nationwide retrospective cohort study [2022]

Norway

• Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Maternal Vaccination Program Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Norway [2025]

Poland

• Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
  • Pregnancy vaccination guide [2024]

• Ginekologia Polska
  • Guidelines of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, the Polish Society for Vaccinology, and the Polish Society for Family Medicine on vaccinating women with reproductive plans and pregnant or breastfeeding women [2023]
  • Pertussis vaccination in pregnancy — current data on safety and effectiveness [2021]

Singapore

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • Knowledge, perception and maternal immunisation practices of obstetricians in Singapore for the Tdap and influenza vaccines [2021]

Spain

• Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
  • Immunisation schedule of the Pediatric Spanish Association: 2024 recommendations [2025]
  • Vaccination in pregnancy. Consensus document of the CAV-AEP and the SEGO [2024]
  • Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2023 Recommendations [2023]

• Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
  • The effect of maternal pertussis vaccination on the epidemiology of pertussis in Spain [2022]

Switzerland

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • Decline of pertussis in hospitalised children following the introduction of immunisation in pregnancy – results from a nationwide, prospective surveillance study, 2013–2020 [2021]

Taiwan

• Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection
  • Recommendation for the use of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines [2025]

United Kingdom

• BMC Public Health
  • Strategies to improve maternal vaccination acceptance [2019]

• BMJ
  • Safety of pertussis vaccination in pregnant women in UK: observational study [2014]

• BMJ Open
  • Social determinants of pertussis and influenza vaccine uptake in pregnancy: a national cohort study in England using electronic health records [2021]

• British Journal of General Practice
  • Routine vaccinations during pregnancy: an update [2020]
  • Current practice and attitudes towards vaccination during pregnancy: a survey of GPs across England [2020]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Lessons learnt from the implementation of maternal immunization programs in England [2016]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Quality statement 4: Vaccination | Antenatal care [2023]
  • Vaccine uptake in the general population [2022]
  • Evidence review for interventions to increase the uptake of routine vaccines for pregnant women: Vaccine uptake in the general population [2022]

• NHS England
  • Maximising uptake of antenatal vaccinations and the introduction of a maternal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus for infant protection this autumn and winter [2024]
  • Enhanced Service Specification Pertussis (pregnant women) vaccination programme 2020/21 NHS England [2020]

• Public Health Scotland
  • Pregnancy vaccine resources

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Vaccine update: issue 344, November 2023, pregnancy special [2023]
  • Vaccine in pregnancy: advice for pregnant women
  • Vaccination against pertussis (whooping cough) for pregnant women
  • UK immunisation schedule: the green book, chapter 11
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): maternal vaccination
  • Pertussis: guidance, data and analysis
  • Inadvertent vaccination in pregnancy (VIP)
  • Complete routine immunisation schedule

• UKTIS
  • Use of non-live vaccines (including Covid-19) in pregnancy

• Vaccine
  • Evaluating the impact of a continued maternal pertussis immunisation programme in England: A modelling study and cost-effectiveness analysis [2021]

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update [2021]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination [2023]
  • Maternal Immunization [2022]
  • Ethical Issues With Vaccination in Obstetrics and Gynecology [2021]
  • Immunization Implementation Strategies for Obstetrician–Gynecologists [2019]
  • Update on Immunization and Pregnancy: Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination [2017]
  • Maternal Immunization Task Force

• American Family Physician
  • Immunizations in Pregnancy: Updated Recommendations [2020]

• American Journal of Preventive Medicine
  • Maternal Immunization in the U.S.: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study [2019]

• American Society for Reproductive Medicine
  • Current recommendations for vaccines for patients planning pregnancy: a committee opinion [2024]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older — United States, 2025 [2025]
  • Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination and Receipt of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antibody (Nirsevimab) by Infants Aged <8 Months — United States, April 2024 [2024]
  • Use of the Pfizer Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine During Pregnancy for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Infants: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2023 [2023]
  • Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023 [2023]
  • Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older [2023]
  • Influenza, Tdap, and COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage and Hesitancy Among Pregnant Women — United States, April 2023 [2023]
  • Use of Ebola Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020 [2021]
  • Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2019 [2020]
  • Use of Anthrax Vaccine in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2019 [2019]
  • Influenza and Tdap Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women — United States, April 2018 [2018]
  • Tdap Vaccination Coverage During Pregnancy — Selected Sites, United States, 2006–2015 [2017]
  • Vaccine Recommendations Before, During, and After Pregnancy
  • Vaccinating Pregnant Women
  • RSV Vaccine Guidance for Pregnant Women
  • Pregnancy and Vaccination
  • Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women

• Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
  • Vaccination in pregnancy: A call to all providers for help [2021]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's public health response to monitoring Tdap safety in pregnant women in the United States [2015]

• Immunization Action Coalition
  • Vaccinations Needed During Pregnancy [2023]
  • Clinical Resources: Pregnancy and Vaccines

• Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing
  • Immunization for Pregnant Women: A Call to Action [2020]

• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
  • Assessment of Safety in Newborns of Mothers Participating in Clinical Trials of Vaccines Administered During Pregnancy [2014]

• Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Evaluating the Association of Stillbirths After Maternal Vaccination in the Vaccine Safety Datalink [2020]
  • Vaccinations for Pregnant Women [2015]

• Pathogens
  • Prenatal Maternal Immunization for Infant Protection: A Review of the Vaccines Recommended, Infant Immunity and Future Research Directions [2024]

• Public Health Reports
  • Influenza and Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccination Coverage During Pregnancy: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2020 [2024]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Respiratory Disease Season & Maternal Immunization

• Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety
  • Vaccine Safety Datalink infrastructure enhancements for evaluating the safety of maternal vaccination [2021]

• Vaccine
  • Tdap vaccination during pregnancy and risk of chorioamnionitis and related infant outcomes [2023]
  • Vaccine exposure during pregnancy among privately and publicly insured women in the United States, 2016–2018 [2021]
  • The US FDA pregnancy lactation and labeling rule – Implications for maternal immunization [2015]
  • Maternal immunization efforts of the National Institutes of Health [2015]
  • Maternal benefits of immunization during pregnancy [2015]

Western countries

• BMC Public Health
  • Vaccination in pregnancy against pertussis and seasonal influenza: key learnings and components from high-performing vaccine programmes in three countries: the United Kingdom, the United States and Spain [2021]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • WHO position paper on varicella vaccines [2025]
  • WHO position paper on herpes zoster vaccines [2025]
  • International travel and health: module 4: vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines [2025]
  • Mumps virus vaccines: WHO Position Paper, March 2024 [2024]
  • Vaccines and immunization for monkeypox: Interim guidance, 24 August 2022 [2022]
  • Report from the first joint meeting (virtual) of WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety and WHO Advisory Committee on Safety of Medicinal Products, 14–16 June 2022 [2022]
  • Report of the Meeting of the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS), 1-3 December 2020 [2021]
  • Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situation Analysis Report of the MIACSA project 2016–2019 [2020]
  • Stakeholders meeting on maternal interventions vigilance: safety monitoring and surveillance in vaccine and other research settings: Domaine de Penthes, Geneva, Switzerland, 20-21 November 2017 [2018]
  • Safety of immunization during pregnancy: a review of the evidence: Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety [2014]
  • Vaccine safety in pregnancy and lactation

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

• BMC Public Health
  • Burden of pertussis in infants in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and the impact of maternal vaccination: a systematic review [2025]

{Related topics}

• Topic
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  • Respiratory and hypersensitivity disorders in pregnancy
  • Influenza in pregnancy
  • Infections in pregnancy