Infertility, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy

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Infertility: epidemiology

Australia

• Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
  • Infertility in Australia circa 1980: an historical population perspective on the uptake of fertility treatment by Australian women born in 1946-51 [2009]

• BMC Women's Health
  • Management of encounters related to subfertility and infertility in Australian general practice: a focus on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander females [2023]

• Journal of Affective Disorders
  • Associations between factors in childhood and young adulthood and childlessness among women in their 40s: A national prospective cohort study [2024]

Canada

• Human Reproduction
  • Estimating the prevalence of infertility in Canada [2012]

Canada, Denmark, United States

• Human Reproduction
  • Seasonal patterns in fecundability in North America and Denmark: a preconception cohort study [2020]

China

• BMC Public Health
  • Childlessness and its associated factors among Chinese women: a nationwide population-based study [2025]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Fertility history and intentions of married women, China [2024]

Europe

• Eurostat
  • Fertility statistics

Ghana

• Studies in Family Planning
  • Prevalence and Correlates of Perceived Infertility in Ghana [2020]

India

• Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health
  • Prevalence and potential determinants of primary infertility in India: Evidence from Indian demographic health survey [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Surging trends of infertility and its behavioural determinants in India [2023]
  • Key drivers of fertility levels and differentials in India, at the national, state and population subgroup levels, 2015-2016: An application of Bongaarts' proximate determinants model [2022]

International

• Aging
  • Global, regional, and national prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years for infertility in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: results from a global burden of disease study, 2017 [2019]

• BMC Public Health
  • Estimating the effects of policies on infertility prevalence worldwide [2022]

• BMJ Open
  • Trends in the burden of female infertility among adults aged 20-49 years during 1990-2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [2024]

• Epidemiology
  • The Use of Time to Pregnancy for Estimating and Monitoring Human Fecundity From Demographic and Health Surveys [2021]

• Human Reproduction Open
  • Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Human Reproduction Update
  • Infertility around the globe: new thinking on gender, reproductive technologies and global movements in the 21st century [2015]

• International Journal of Reproductive Medicine
  • Worldwide trend analysis of primary and secondary infertility rates over past decades: A cross-sectional study [2022]

• Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Burden of female infertility in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [2025]

• PLoS Medicine
  • National, Regional, and Global Trends in Infertility Prevalence Since 1990: A Systematic Analysis of 277 Health Surveys [2012]

• Population Health Metrics
  • Measuring infertility in populations: constructing a standard definition for use with demographic and reproductive health surveys [2012]

• Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
  • Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study [2025]

• Reproductive Health
  • Epidemiological characteristics of infertility, 1990-2021, and 15-year forecasts: an analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021 [2025]

• United Nations Population Fund
  • How will COVID-19 impact fertility? [2021]
  • Policy responses to low fertility: How effective are they? [2019]
  • Low fertility: A review of the determinants [2019]

Iran

• Global Journal of Health Science
  • The Prevalence and Causes of Primary Infertility in Iran: A Population-Based Study [2015]

• International Journal of Fertility & Sterility
  • A Meta-Analysis of The Prevalence and Etiology of Infertility in Iran [2023]
  • Practical Difficulties in Estimating The Prevalence of Primary Infertility in Iran [2019]

• Journal of Womens Health, Issues and Care
  • Epidemiology and Etiology of Infertility in Iran, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2013]

• Urology Journal
  • Prevalence of Infertility In Iran: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis [2020]

Jordan

• Gates Open Research
  • Shifting dynamics: Changes in the relationship between total fertility rate and contraceptive prevalence rate in Jordan between 2012 and 2017 [2021]

Low and middle income countries

• Demographic and Health Surveys
  • Levels and Trends of Infertility and Childlessness [2021]
  • Comparing Ideal and Completed Family Size: A Focus on Women in Low-and Middle-income Countries with Unrealized Fertility [2021]

• Human Reproduction
  • Estimating infertility prevalence in low-to-middle-income countries: an application of a current duration approach to Demographic and Health Survey data [2017]

Palau

• Hawai'i Journal of Health & Social Welfare
  • An Evaluation of Infertility Among Women in the Republic of Palau, 2016 [2020]

Spain

• Gaceta Sanitaria
  • Decline in fertility induced by economic recession in Spain [2020]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Demographic and Health Surveys
  • Fertility Changes in Sub-Saharan Africa [2008]

Sudan

• Qatar Medical Journal
  • Prevalence of infertility in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

Sweden

• Reproductive Health
  • Fecundity and human birth seasonality in Sweden: a register-based study [2019]

United Kingdom

• Human Reproduction
  • Prevalence of infertility and help seeking among 15 000 women and men [2016]

United States

• American Journal of Epidemiology
  • "Research on Infertility: Definition Makes a Difference" Revisited [2018]

• Andrology
  • The prevalence of couple infertility in the United States from a male perspective: evidence from a nationally representative sample [2013]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Infertility

• Fertility and Sterility
  • Prevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach [2013]

• Journal of Women's Health
  • Risks Factors and Treatment Use Related to Infertility and Impaired Fecundity Among Reproductive-Aged Women [2017]
  • Estimates of lifetime infertility from three states: the behavioral risk factor surveillance system [2015]

• U.S. Census Bureau
  • Fertility

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Infertility Prevalence Estimates, 1990–2021 [2023]
  • Infecundity, infertility, and childlessness in Developing Countries - DHS Comparative Reports No. 9 [2004]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Infertility