Breastfeeding

Guidelines, reviews, epidemiology

Breastfeeding

• Afghanistan
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Advancing breastfeeding research in Afghanistan: opportunities for policy and practice [2025]
• Australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • Breastfeeding [2023]
  • Queensland Health
    • Establishing breastfeeding
  • SA Health
    • Breastfeeding
• Canada
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Breastfeeding
• Ethiopia
  • BMJ Open
    • Evidence on the effect of gender of newborn, antenatal care and postnatal care on breastfeeding practices in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis andmeta-regression analysis of observational studies [2019]
• India
  • Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
    • Breastfeeding [2024]
• International
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Artificial intelligence applied to the study of human milk and breastfeeding: a scoping review [2024]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • Harnessing the golden hour: breastfeeding recommended within first hour of life [2023]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Breastfeeding - Healthy Childhood Programme
• Italy
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Position Statement on Breastfeeding from the Italian Pediatric Societies [2015]
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • Breastfeeding
• Philippines
  • WHO Western Pacific Region
    • Breastfeeding in the Philippines : a critical review, 2013 [2015]
• Poland
  • Ginekologia Polska
    • Breastfeeding myths - the prevalence among the population of Polish women [2025]
• South Africa
  • PLoS ONE
    • Exclusive breastfeeding policy, practice and influences in South Africa, 1980 to 2018: A mixed-methods systematic review [2019]
• South Asia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Early initiation of breastfeeding: a systematic literature review of factors and barriers in South Asia [2016]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Current findings and gaps in early initiation of breastfeeding practices in sub-Saharan African countries: A scoping review [2023]
• United Kingdom
  • Journal of Hospital Infection
    • Decontamination of breast pump milk collection kits and related items at home and in hospital: guidance from a Joint Working Group of the Healthcare Infection Society and Infection Prevention Society [2016]
  • NHS England
    • Maternity and Breastfeeding
  • Scottish Perinatal Network
    • Optimal decontamination of breast pump equipment in hospital [2024]
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocol #2: Guidelines for Birth Hospitalization Discharge of Breastfeeding Dyads, Revised 2022 [2022]
    • Bedsharing and Breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #6, Revision 2019 [2020]
    • Educational Objectives and Skills for the Physician with Respect to Breastfeeding, Revised 2018 [2018]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #2: Guidelines for Hospital Discharge of the Breastfeeding Term Newborn and Mother: “The Going Home Protocol,” Revised 2014 [2014]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #5: Peripartum Breastfeeding Management for the Healthy Mother and Infant at Term, Revision 2013 [2013]
    • Protocols
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Technical Report: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk [2022]
    • Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk [2022]
    • Breastfeeding Curriculum
  • American Family Physician
    • Breastfeeding: Common Questions and Answers [2018]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • The CDC Guide to Strategies to Support Breastfeeding Mothers and Babies [2013]
    • Breastfeeding
  • Food and Drug Administration
    • Breast Pumps
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Breastfeeding and Breast Milk
  • PLoS ONE
    • Bedsharing among breastfeeding physicians: Results of a nationwide survey [2024]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Global nutrition targets 2030: breastfeeding brief [2025]
    • Guideline: counselling of women to improve breastfeeding practices [2018]
    • Breastfeeding
• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
    • Breastfeeding
• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • WHO Western Pacific Region
    • Breastfeeding in the Western Pacific
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Postpartum, postnatal care
    • Obstetrics, perinatology
    • Medications and breastfeeding
    • Mastitis
    • HIV/AIDS and breastfeeding/infant feeding
    • Donor human milk, human milk banking
    • Breastfeeding statistics
    • Breastfeeding promotion, protection and support
    • Breastfeeding difficulties
    • Breastfeeding and health outcomes
    • Breastfeeding and complementary feeding: premature or low birth weight infants
    • Breastfeeding and complementary feeding

Breastfeeding and complementary feeding

• Algeria
  • Public Health Nutrition
    • Food consumption, nutritional intakes and the role of milk formulas in nutrient adequacy among young children from birth to 2 years living in urban Algeria [2023]
• Americas
  • Pan American Health Organization
    • Breastfeeding and complementary feeding
• Argentina
  • Archivos argentinos de pediatría
    • Inequality in breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in Argentina by household income level in 2018-2019 [2024]
• Australia
  • Australian Journal of General Practice
    • Breastfeeding: Expressing and supplementing [2022]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Factors influencing infant feeding for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and their families: a systematic review of qualitative evidence [2023]
  • Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
    • Infant Feeding Guidelines Information for Health Workers [2012]
  • JMIR mHealth and uHealth
    • Content and Quality of Infant Feeding Smartphone Apps: Five-Year Update on a Systematic Search and Evaluation [2020]
  • Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
    • An Australian Consensus on Infant Feeding Guidelines to Prevent Food Allergy: Outcomes From the Australian Infant Feeding Summit [2015]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Comprehensiveness of infant formula and bottle feeding resources: A review of information from Australian healthcare organisations [2022]
  • Medical Journal of Australia
    • Infant feeding patterns before and after changes to food allergy prevention guidelines in Australia [2022]
  • National Health and Medical Research Council
    • Infant Feeding Guidelines: information for health workers [2012]
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy
    • The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy infant feeding for allergy prevention guidelines [2019]
• Bangladesh
  • Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
    • BRAC's experience in scaling-up MNP in Bangladesh [2014]
  • BMC Public Health
    • How is parental education associated with infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh? a systematic literature review [2023]
    • Policy content and stakeholder network analysis for infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh [2017]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Trends in Complementary Feeding Indicators and Intake from Specific Food Groups among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Bangladesh [2022]
• Brazil
  • Public Health Nutrition
    • Time trends and social inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices: national estimates from Brazil's Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2019 [2023]
  • Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
    • Complementary feeding of infants in their first year of life: focus on the main pureed baby foods [2014]
• Cambodia
  • Nutrients
    • Breastfeeding Trends in Cambodia, and the Increased Use of Breast-Milk Substitute—Why Is It a Danger? [2014]
• Canada
  • Alberta Health Services
    • Introduction to Complementary Foods
  • Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
    • Evidence gaps and research needs in current guidance on feeding children from birth to 24 months [2021]
  • Canadian Paediatric Society
    • Cow’s milk protein allergy in infants and children [2024]
    • Breastfeeding and human milk in the NICU: From birth to discharge [2023]
    • Dietary exposures and allergy prevention in high-risk infants [2021]
    • Timing of introduction of allergenic solids for infants at high risk [2020]
  • Health Canada
    • Revision of Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants
  • Journal of Nutrition
    • Adherence to Vitamin D Supplementation Recommendations for Breastfed Infants and Young Children: An Analysis of Canadian Community Health Survey Data Cycles From 2015 to 2018 [2024]
• Canada, United States
  • Advances in Nutrition
    • Perspective: Human Milk Composition and Related Data for National Health and Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research [2022]
• Central Asia, Europe
  • United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
    • Overview of the Complementary Feeding and Diets of Young Children in Europe and Central Asia Region [2020]
• China
  • Food & Nutrition Research
    • Food groups consumed by infants and toddlers in urban areas of China [2016]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Prevalence of Complementary Feeding Indicators and Associated Factors Among 6- to 23-Month Breastfed Infants and Young Children in Poor Rural Areas of China [2021]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Complementary feeding practices for children aged 6-23 months in early childhood education institutions in urban China: A cross-sectional study [2024]
• Côte d'Ivoire
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Promising trends and influencing factors of complementary feeding practices in Côte d'Ivoire: An analysis of nationally representative survey data between 1994 and 2016 [2023]
• East Africa
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Prelacteal feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers having children less than 2 years of age in East Africa: a multilevel analysis of the recent demographic and health surveys [2021]
• Eswatini
  • Ministry of Health Eswatini
    • National Guidelines on Infant and Young Child Feeding [2016]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Minimum acceptable diet and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Frontiers in Nutrition
    • Complementary Feeding: Review of Recommendations, Feeding Practices, and Adequacy of Homemade Complementary Food Preparations in Developing Countries – Lessons from Ethiopia [2016]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Individual and community level determinants of minimum meal frequency among breastfeeding children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey data [2024]
    • Spatial variation and determinants of inappropriate complementary feeding practice and its effect on the undernutrition of infants and young children aged 6 to 23 months in Ethiopia by using the Ethiopian Mini-demographic and health survey, 2019: spatial and multilevel analysis [2023]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Complementary feeding and food-group level inequality among Ethiopian children 6-23 months of age (2011-2019) [2024]
  • Maternal and Child Health Journal
    • Trends and factors associated with complementary feeding practices in Ethiopia from 2005 to 2016 [2020]
  • Ministry of Health Ethiopia
    • Joint statement on infant and young child feeding in emergencies - Ethiopia, July 2021 [2021]
    • Guideline for Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies for Ethiopia [2021]
• Europe
  • European Commission
    • Infant and Young Children Feeding in Emergencies [2014]
  • European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition
    • Infant formulas for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders: A position paper of the ESPGHAN Nutrition Committee [2024]
    • Early diet and the risk of coeliac disease. An update 2024 position paper by the ESPGHAN special interest group on coeliac disease [2024]
    • Palm Oil and Beta-palmitate in Infant Formula: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition [2019]
    • Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition [2017]
  • Frontiers in Pediatrics
    • Promoting Breastfeeding and Interaction of Pediatric Associations With Providers of Nutritional Products [2020]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Are our babies off to a healthy start? The state of implementation of the Global strategy for infant and young child feeding in Europe [2020]
  • Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
    • National Recommendations for Infant and Young Child Feeding in the World Health Organization European Region [2020]
  • WHO European Region
    • Effective regulatory frameworks for ending inappropriate marketing of breast-milk substitutes and foods for infants and young children in the WHO European Region [2022]
    • Improving the nutritional quality of commercial foods for infants and young children in the WHO European Region [2019]
    • Commercial foods for infants and young children in the WHO European Region: a study of the availability, composition and marketing of baby foods in four European countries [2019]
• France
  • Santé Publique France
    • Designing the new recommendations on complementary feeding for children up to 3 years of age [2022]
• Germany
  • Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
    • Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding [2016]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • National survey of infant feeding bottles in Germany: Their characteristics and marketing claims [2024]
• Guatemala
  • Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
    • Feeding patterns before 6 months of age: the relative validity of recall from interviews of mothers of Guatemalan infants and toddlers [2014]
• India
  • BMC Public Health
    • Prevalence and factors associated with complementary feeding practices among children aged 6–23 months in India: a regional analysis [2019]
    • Policy content and stakeholder network analysis for infant and young child feeding in India [2017]
  • Indian Academy of Pediatrics
    • Infant and Young Child Feeding Guidelines, 2016 [2016]
  • Indian Pediatrics
    • Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy [2020]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Scaling-up interventions to improve infant and young child feeding in India: What will it take? [2017]
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
    • Guidelines for enhancing optimal infant and young child feeding practices [2013]
  • Nutrients
    • Understanding the Enablers and Barriers to Appropriate Infants and Young Child Feeding Practices in India: A Systematic Review [2021]
    • Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among Adolescent Mothers and Associated Factors in India [2021]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Association between mass media exposure and infant and young child feeding practices in India: a cross-sectional study [2023]
• Indonesia
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Factors associated with complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia [2022]
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Do various types of prelacteal feeding (PLF) have different associations with breastfeeding duration in Indonesia? A cross-sectional study using Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey datasets [2024]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Marketing of commercial milk formula during COVID-19 in Indonesia [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Prevalence of prelacteal feeding and associated risk factors in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey [2020]
• International
  • Advances in Nutrition
    • Addressing Infant and Young Child Feeding Recommendations From a Planetary Health Perspective [2024]
    • The Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Status of Exclusively Breastfeeding Mothers and Their Nursing Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials [2022]
    • Perspective: Should Exclusive Breastfeeding Still Be Recommended for 6 Months? [2019]
  • BMJ Open
    • Sponsorship of national and regional professional paediatrics associations by companies that make breast-milk substitutes: evidence from a review of official websites [2019]
  • Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset [2024]
    • Ultra-processed food for infants and toddlers; dynamics of supply and demand [2023]
  • Clinical and Translational Allergy
    • An update to the Milk Allergy in Primary Care guideline [2019]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health [2020]
    • Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants [2020]
  • Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
    • Human milk and breastfeeding during ketogenic diet therapy in infants with epilepsy: Clinical practice guideline [2024]
  • Health Policy and Planning
    • The economic cost consequences of suboptimal infant and young child feeding practices: a scoping review [2024]
  • Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
    • World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on the complementary feeding of infants and young children aged 6-23 months 2023: A multisociety response [2024]
  • Lancet
    • Breastfeeding 2023 [2023]
  • Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
    • Rates and time trends in the consumption of breastmilk, formula, and animal milk by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019: analysis of 113 countries [2021]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Research on commercial milk formulas for young children: A scoping review [2024]
    • Food pattern modeling to inform global guidance on complementary feeding of infants [2024]
    • Impact of prelacteal feeds and neonatal introduction of breast milk substitutes on breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
    • Global evidence of persistent violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: A systematic scoping review [2022]
  • Nutrients
    • Effectiveness of Interventions to Manage Difficulties with Breastfeeding for Mothers of Infants under Six Months with Growth Faltering: A Systematic Review Update [2023]
    • The Association of Formula Protein Content and Growth in Early Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
  • Nutrition Reviews
    • Why do mothers mix milk feed their infants? Results from a systematic review [2024]
    • Toddler milk: a scoping review of research on consumption, perceptions, and marketing practices [2024]
  • Science of The Total Environment
    • Comparison between pollutants found in breast milk and infant formula in the last decade: A review [2023]
  • UN Refugee Agency
    • Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) [2018]
  • United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
    • Infant Feeding Area Graphs Interpretation Guide [2022]
    • Improving Young Children’s Diets During the Complementary Feeding Period [2020]
    • Infant and young child feeding
  • World Allergy Organization Journal
    • A systematic review of infant feeding food allergy prevention guidelines – can we AGREE? [2021]
• Iran
  • Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
    • Breastfeeding Practices During the First Month Postpartum and Associated Factors: Impact on Breastfeeding Survival [2015]
• Iraq
  • Global Pediatric Health
    • Comparison Among Commonly Available Infant Formula Milks in the Iraqi Market [2015]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Working within the Code - HSE policy on the marketing of breast milk substitutes: A guide for staff [2021]
    • HSE Policy on the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes in the public health services [2021]
  • Nutrients
    • Ethnic Variation in Breastfeeding and Complimentary Feeding in the Republic of Ireland [2014]
• Israel
  • Ministry of Health Israel
    • The Significance of Breastfeeding
• Italy
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Recommendations on complementary feeding for healthy, full-term infants [2015]
  • Nutrients
    • Complementary Feeding: Tradition, Innovation and Pitfalls [2024]
    • Complementary Feeding in the Clinical Practice: An Exploratory Survey among Italian Primary Care Pediatricians [2024]
    • Recommendations on Complementary Feeding as a Tool for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)—Paper Co-Drafted by the SIPPS, FIMP, SIDOHaD, and SINUPE Joint Working Group [2022]
• Japan
  • Nutrients
    • Infant Feeding and Growth Patterns in Japanese Children: A Nationwide Secondary Analysis [2025]
• Jordan
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Deteriorating complementary feeding practices and dietary quality in Jordan: Trends and challenges [2024]
• Kenya
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Identifying and understanding barriers to optimal complementary feeding in Kenya [2024]
  • Ministry of Health Kenya
    • National Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition Policy Guidelines [2013]
• Kyrgyzstan
  • WHO European Region
    • Promotion of foods for children aged under 36 months in Kyrgyzstan [2024]
• Latin America
  • Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition)
    • Consensus on complementary feeding from the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: COCO 2023 [2023]
    • E-1500: Survey on feeding practices in the first 1,500 days of life, recommended by healthcare professionals in Latin America [2022]
• Lebanon
  • Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
    • Infant formula in Lebanon: An essential but "luxury" commodity [2024]
• Lesotho
  • Ministry of Health Lesotho
    • The World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi) Report [2012]
• Low and middle income countries
  • BMC Public Health
    • Impact of maternal education about complementary feeding and provision of complementary foods on child growth in developing countries [2011]
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Legislation on marketing of breast-milk substitutes in digital and social media: a scoping review [2023]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Home fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders for health and nutrition in children under two years of age [2020]
  • Current Developments in Nutrition
    • Exploring the Influence of Social Norms on Complementary Feeding: A Scoping Review of Observational, Intervention, and Effectiveness Studies [2021]
  • Frontiers in Pediatrics
    • Associations between Infant Feeding Practices and Length, Weight, and Disease in Developing Countries [2013]
  • Gates Open Research
    • Interventions to improve linear growth during complementary feeding period for children aged 6-24 months living in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2020]
  • JAMA Network Open
    • Prevalence of Children Aged 6 to 23 Months Who Did Not Consume Animal Milk, Formula, or Solid or Semisolid Food During the Last 24 Hours Across Low- and Middle-Income Countries [2024]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Prelacteal feeding and its relationship with exclusive breastfeeding and formula consumption among infants in low- and middle-income countries [2022]
    • Importance of breastfeeding and complementary feeding for management and prevention of childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries [2022]
  • Journal of Nutrition
    • Complementary Feeding Practices in 80 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Prevalence of and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Dietary Diversity, Meal Frequency, and Dietary Adequacy [2021]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Engaging family members in maternal, infant and young child nutrition activities in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic scoping review [2021]
• Low-income countries
  • Nutrients
    • Qualitative Studies of Infant and Young Child Feeding in Lower-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Dietary Patterns [2017]
• Maldives
  • Ministry of Health Maldives
    • National Guidelines on Optimal Feeding of Infants and Young Children [2017]
• Mexico
  • Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition)
    • Guidelines for complementary feeding in healthy infants [2016]
  • Breastfeeding Medicine
    • Introduction of Breast Milk Substitutes During the First 3 Days of Life: Results of the Mexican National Survey of Demographic Dynamics, 2018 [2024]
  • Globalization and Health
    • Digital marketing of commercial breastmilk substitutes and baby foods: strategies, and recommendations for its regulation in Mexico [2023]
  • Nutrients
    • Many Infants and Young Children Are Not Compliant with Mexican and International Complementary Feeding Recommendations for Milk and Other Beverages [2018]
  • World Health Organization
    • How the marketing of formula milk influences our decisions on infant feeding: report - Mexico [2022]
• Middle East
  • Nutrients
    • Prevention of Allergic Sensitization and Treatment of Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy in Early Life: The Middle-East Step-Down Consensus [2019]
• Myanmar
  • PLoS ONE
    • Feeding practices and nutritional status of children age 6-23 months in Myanmar: A secondary analysis of the 2015-16 Demographic and Health Survey [2019]
• Nepal
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Determinants of complementary feeding practices among Nepalese children aged 6–23 months: findings from demographic and health survey 2011 [2013]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Policy content and stakeholder network analysis for infant and young child feeding in Nepal [2017]
  • Ministry of Health and Population
    • Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding: Nepal 2014 [2014]
• Netherlands
  • Nutrients
    • Food Consumption, Nutrient Intake and Status during the First 1000 days of Life in the Netherlands: a Systematic Review [2019]
• New Zealand
  • British Journal of Nutrition
    • Prevalence and maternal determinants of early and late introduction of complementary foods: results from the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort study [2023]
  • Ministry of Health New Zealand
    • Healthy Eating Guidelines for New Zealand Babies and Toddlers (0-2 years old) [2021]
    • WHO Code for breast-milk substitutes
  • Nutrients
    • Adherence to Infant Feeding Guidelines in the First Foods New Zealand Study [2023]
  • Starship
    • Fluid requirements and age appropriate formula for infants, children and young people
    • Feeding - handling powdered formula and breast milk with additives
    • Breastfeeding - expressing
• Nigeria
  • BMJ Open
    • Trends in complementary feeding indicators in Nigeria, 2003–2013 [2015]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Have policy responses in Nigeria resulted in improvements in infant and young child feeding practices in Nigeria? [2017]
• Nordic countries
  • Food & Nutrition Research
    • Infant feeding-a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 [2024]
• Oman
  • Ministry of Health Oman
    • Infant Feeding Guideline
• Pakistan
  • BMC Public Health
    • Overview of the infant and young child feeding policy environment in Pakistan: Federal, Sindh and Punjab context [2017]
• Poland
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Stress and feeding choices: How do socio-demographic factors shape formula use among Polish mothers? [2025]
  • Nutrients
    • Baby-Led Weaning vs. Traditional Complementary Feeding-Differences in Feeding Practices Among Polish Children Aged 6-36 Months-A Cross-Sectional Study [2025]
  • WHO European Region
    • Commercial foods for infants and young children in Poland: a study of the availability, composition and marketing of baby foods in Warsaw, Poland [2021]
• Russia
  • WHO European Region
    • Investigation of inappropriate promotion of commercially available complementary foods for infants and young children aged 6-36 months in the Russian Federation [2024]
• Saudi Arabia
  • Global Pediatric Health
    • Comparison of the Nutritional Values of Infant Formulas Available in Saudi Arabia [2017]
• South Africa
  • World Health Organization
    • How the marketing of formula milk influences our decisions on infant feeding: report - South Africa [2022]
• South Asia
  • BMC Public Health
    • Opportunities for strengthening infant and young child feeding policies in South Asia: Insights from the SAIFRN policy analysis project [2017]
  • World Bank
    • Feeding of Infants and Young Children in South Asia [2018]
• South-East Asia
  • Association of Southeast Asian Nations
    • Guidelines and Minimum Standards for the Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding [2022]
• Sri Lanka
  • BMC Public Health
    • Policy and stakeholder analysis of infant and young child feeding programmes in Sri Lanka [2017]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • A comparison of observed feeding practices of infants and young children aged 6-23 months to national responsive feeding recommendations in Sri Lanka [2023]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMC Public Health
    • Minimum milk feeding frequency and its associated factors among non-breastfed children aged 6-23 months in sub-saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of the recent demographic and health survey data [2024]
    • Complementary feeding practices and associated factors among mothers of children aged 6 to 23 months in Sub-saharan African countries: a multilevel analysis of the recent demographic and health survey [2024]
    • Bottle-feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of children aged 0 to 23 months in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-level analysis of demographic and health surveys (2015-2022) [2024]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Minimum meal frequency and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of the demographic and health survey data [2024]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Determinants of formula feeding among mothers with infants and young children in six Sub Sahara African countries: Multilevel analysis of data from demographic and health survey [2024]
• Switzerland
  • Appetite
    • Complementary feeding challenges: Insights from Swiss parents' perspectives [2024]
• Tanzania
  • Ministry of Health Tanzania
    • National Guidelines on Infant and Young Child Feeding [2013]
• Thailand
  • Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
    • Mathematical modeling to inform the development of national guidelines on infant feeding in Thailand [2022]
• Trinidad and Tobago
  • Ministry of Health Trinidad and Tobago
    • Breastfeeding & Beyond: A Guide to Infant and Child Feeding [2021]
• Türkiye
  • Journal of Asthma and Allergy
    • An Expert Panel Statement on the Beneficial Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in Early Life and Potential Utility of HMO-Supplemented Infant Formula in Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy [2021]
  • Turkish Archives of Pediatrics
    • Turkish Neonatal Society guideline on nutrition of the healthy term newborn [2018]
  • WHO European Region
    • Commercial foods for infants and young children in Türkiye [2023]
• United Arab Emirates
  • BMC Public Health
    • Nutritional status and adequacy of feeding Practices in Infants and Toddlers 0-23.9 months living in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): findings from the feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2020 [2022]
    • Patterns and determinants of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices of Emirati Mothers in the United Arab Emirates [2013]
• United Kingdom
  • British Dietetic Association
    • Complementary Feeding [2020]
  • Clinical and Translational Allergy
    • Diagnosis and management of non-IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy in infancy - a UK primary care practical guide [2013]
  • Department of Health and Social Care
    • Infant and follow-on formula and food for special medical purposes
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Associations between breastfeeding duration and adherence to complementary feeding recommendations in Scotland [2024]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Evidence reviews for interventions to promote appropriate and timely introduction to solids (complementary feeding) for babies from 6 to 12 months [2025]
  • Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
    • Commercial baby food and drink: voluntary industry guidelines
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • ABM Statement on Shortage of Breastmilk Substitutes [2022]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #29: Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin D Supplementation During Breastfeeding [2018]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #8: Human Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-Term Infants, Revised 2017 [2017]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate, Revised 2017 [2017]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #27: Breastfeeding an Infant or Young Child with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes [2017]
  • Advances in Nutrition
    • Nutrition Monitoring of Children Aged Birth to 24 Mo (B-24): Data Collection and Findings from the NHANES [2020]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Older Infant-Young Child “Formulas” [2023]
    • The Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Hydrolyzed Formulas, and Timing of Introduction of Allergenic Complementary Foods [2019]
    • Advocacy for Improving Nutrition in the First 1000 Days To Support Childhood Development and Adult Health [2018]
    • Newborn and Infant Nutrition
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods — United States, 2016–2018 [2023]
    • Receipt of Breast Milk by Gestational Age — United States, 2017 [2019]
    • Infant and Toddler Nutrition
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • A comparison of U.S. infant feeding policy changes to Global Breastfeeding Collective policy priorities [2025]
  • Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
    • Vitamin D Intake and Meeting Recommendations Among Infants Participating in WIC Nationally [2022]
  • Journal of Perinatology
    • Impact of early formula supplementation on breastfeeding duration, National Immunization Survey, 2019 births [2023]
  • Journal of the National Medical Association
    • A review of dairy food intake for improving health among black infants, toddlers, and young children in the US [2024]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • A nation-wide study on the common reasons for infant formula supplementation among healthy, term, breastfed infants in US hospitals [2022]
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
    • Complementary Feeding Interventions for Infants and Young Children Under Age 2: Scoping of Promising Interventions to Implement at the Community or State Level [2023]
    • Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months: Summarizing Existing Guidance [2020]
• Vietnam
  • Nutrients
    • The Role of Complementary Feeding Practices in Addressing the Double Burden of Malnutrition among Children Aged 6-23 Months: Insight from the Vietnamese General Nutrition Survey 2020 [2024]
• Western countries
  • BMC Public Health
    • Infant feeding experiences among Indigenous communities in Canada, the United States, Australia, and Aotearoa: a scoping review of the qualitative literature [2024]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals, 2nd ed [2025]
    • Global nutrition targets 2030: topical briefs on maternal, infant and young child nutrition [2025]
    • Global nutrition targets 2030: stunting brief [2025]
    • Global nutrition targets 2030: child wasting brief [2025]
    • Sponsorship of health professional associations by manufacturers and distributors of commercial milk formula: case studies [2024]
    • Marketing of breast-milk substitutes: national implementation of the International Code, status report 2024 [2024]
    • WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6-23 months of age [2023]
    • Guidance on regulatory measures aimed at restricting digital marketing of breast-milk substitutes [2023]
    • Scope and impact of digital marketing strategies for promoting breastmilk substitutes [2022]
    • Nurturing care practice guide: strengthening nurturing care through health and nutrition services [2022]
    • Marketing of breast-milk substitutes: national implementation of the international code, status report 2022 [2022]
    • How the marketing of formula milk influences our decisions on infant feeding [2022]
    • Infant and young child feeding counselling: an integrated course: trainer’s guide, 2nd ed [2021]
    • International trade agreements and implementation of the international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes: frequently asked questions [2020]
    • Improving early childhood development: WHO guideline [2020]
    • Nurturing care for early childhood development [2018]
    • The international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes: frequently asked questions [2017]
    • Netcode toolkit: monitoring the marketing of breast-milk substitutes: protocol for ongoing monitoring systems [2017]
    • NetCode toolkit: monitoring the marketing of breast-milk substitutes: protocol for periodic assessments [2017]
    • Guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children: implementation manual [2017]
    • WHO guideline: use of multiple micronutrient powders for point-of-use fortification of foods consumed by infants and young children aged 6–23 months and children aged 2–12 years [2016]
    • Maternal, infant and young child nutrition: guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children: report by the Secretariat [2016]
    • Global nutrition targets 2025: breastfeeding policy brief [2014]
    • Designing appropriate complementary feeding recommendations: tools for programmatic action [2013]
    • Infant and young child feeding: Model Chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals [2009]
    • Acceptable medical reasons for use of breast-milk substitutes [2009]
    • Global strategy for infant and young child feeding [2003]
    • Complementary feeding: report of the global consultation [2002]
    • Policies by country | Global database on the Implementation of Nutrition Action (GINA)
    • Infant nutrition
    • Infant and young child feeding: Fact sheet
    • Ending exploitative marketing of formula milk
    • Complementary feeding
• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
    • Implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [2018]
• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • WHO South-East Asia Region
    • WHO Regional Office organizes an Expert Group Consultation on young child diets [2022]
    • Expert Group Consultation on supporting the infant and young child nutrition through improving feeding practices and the food environment, WHO South-East Asia Region: 20-21 October 2021 [2022]
    • Infant and young child feeding in SEARO
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Neonatal feeding
    • Breastfeeding and complementary feeding: premature or low birth weight infants
    • Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding and complementary feeding: premature or low birth weight infants

• Australia
  • WA Health
    • Breastfeeding
• Canada
  • Nutrients
    • Guidelines for Feeding Very Low Birth Weight Infants [2015]
• Denmark
  • PLoS ONE
    • Exclusive breastfeeding: Relation to gestational age, birth weight, and early neonatal ward admission. A nationwide cohort study of children born after 35 weeks of gestation [2023]
• Europe
  • European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition
    • Feeding the Late and Moderately Preterm Infant: A Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition [2019]
  • European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
    • The role of preterm formula
    • The role of nutrient supplements for preterm infants
    • Providing mother’s own milk (MOM) for preterm and ill term infants
    • Feeding of late preterm infants
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Room for improvement in breast milk feeding after very preterm birth in Europe: Results from the EPICE cohort [2018]
• France
  • Acta Paediatrica
    • Review concludes that specific recommendations are needed to harmonise the provision of fresh mother's milk to their preterm infants [2018]
• Germany
  • Nutrients
    • Update on Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Preterm Infants and Recommendations for Enteral Mineral Intake [2021]
• India
  • Frontiers in Nutrition
    • Optimizing Nutrition in Preterm Low Birth Weight Infants-Consensus Summary [2017]
• International
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Longitudinal studies on breastfeeding among preterm infants: a scoping review [2025]
  • Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research
    • INTERPRACTICE-21st - Preterm infant feeding and growth monitoring: Implementation of the INTERGROWTH-21st protocol [2017]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • The effect of milk type and fortification on the growth of low-birthweight infants: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses [2021]
  • Nutrients
    • A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Milk Feeding and Short-Term Growth in Preterm and Very Low Birth Weight Infants [2021]
• Italy
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Complementary feeding in preterm infants: a position paper by Italian neonatal, paediatric and paediatric gastroenterology joint societies [2022]
  • Nutrients
    • Complementary Feeding: Recommendations for the Introduction of Allergenic Foods and Gluten in the Preterm Infant [2021]
    • Complementary Feeding in the Preterm Infants: Summary of Available Macronutrient Intakes and Requirements [2020]
    • Complementary Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review [2020]
    • Weaning Time in Preterm Infants: An Audit of Italian Primary Care Paediatricians [2018]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Neonatology
    • Nutritional Management of Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants in Low- and Low Middle-Income Countries [2025]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Maternal-focused interventions to improve infant growth and nutritional status in low-middle income countries: A systematic review of reviews [2021]
  • World Health Organization
    • Guidelines on optimal feeding of low birth-weight infants in low- and middle-income countries [2011]
• New Zealand
  • Starship
    • Breastfeeding - preterm infants
• Taiwan
  • Nutrients
    • Adherence to Nutritional Practice Guideline in Premature Infants: A Nationwide Survey in Taiwan [2024]
• United Kingdom
  • Health Economics Review
    • Modelling the cost-effectiveness of human milk and breastfeeding in preterm infants in the United Kingdom [2016]
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #10: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm (34–36 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) and Early Term Infants (37–38 6/7 Weeks of Gestation), Second Revision 2016 [2016]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Promoting Human Milk and Breastfeeding for the Very Low Birth Weight Infant [2021]
    • Nutrition for the Preterm, VLBW Infant After NICU Discharge
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
    • Working group reports: evaluation of the evidence to support practice guidelines for nutritional care of preterm infants—the Pre-B Project [2016]
    • Executive summary: evaluation of the evidence to support practice guidelines for nutritional care of preterm infants—the Pre-B Project [2016]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Disparities in Hospital-Reported Breast Milk Use in Neonatal Intensive Care Units — United States, 2015 [2017]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants Fed Donor Milk or Preterm Infant Formula: A Randomized Clinical Trial [2024]
  • Pediatric Research
    • Racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast milk feedings in US neonatal intensive care units [2020]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Breastfeeding of low-birth-weight infants
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Premature infants, low birth weight, small for gestational age
    • Neonatal feeding
    • Breastfeeding and complementary feeding
    • Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding and health outcomes

• Africa
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Inequalities in the prevalence of stunting, anemia and exclusive breastfeeding among African children [2022]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk in Africa: a meta-analysis and implication for the interface of agriculture and health [2024]
• Australia
  • Pediatric Obesity
    • The effects of duration of any breastfeeding on body mass index in Australian children: Exploration of health, economic and equity impacts [2025]
• Bangladesh
  • BMC Public Health
    • Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: a nationally representative study [2017]
• Europe
  • Obesity Facts
    • Association between Characteristics at Birth, Breastfeeding and Obesity in 22 Countries: The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative – COSI 2015/2017 [2019]
• Gambia
  • Journal of Nutrition
    • Following the World Health Organization’s Recommendation of Exclusive Breastfeeding to 6 Months of Age Does Not Impact the Growth of Rural Gambian Infants [2016]
• Hong Kong
  • Acta Paediatrica
    • An economic evaluation on sub-optimal breastfeeding in Hong Kong: Infant health outcomes and costs [2025]
• Indonesia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • The annual cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia: the economic burden of treating diarrhea and respiratory disease among children (< 24mo) due to not breastfeeding according to recommendation [2018]
• International
  • Acta Paediatrica
    • Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2015]
  • Advances in Nutrition
    • Breastfeeding and the Longitudinal Changes of Body Mass Index in Childhood and Adulthood: A Systematic Review [2024]
  • Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
    • Effects of Exclusive Breastfeeding Promotion Interventions on Child Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]
  • Annual Review of Nutrition
    • Breastfeeding Beyond 12 Months: Is There Evidence for Health Impacts? [2021]
  • European Journal of Pediatrics
    • Breastfeeding and risk of food allergy and allergic rhinitis in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies [2024]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • A systematic review and meta-analysis of breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infant [2024]
  • Health Policy and Planning
    • The cost of not breastfeeding: global results from a new tool [2019]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Exclusive Breastfeeding and Childhood Morbidity: A Narrative Review [2022]
  • International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
    • Risk of Early Childhood Dental Caries Associated With Prolonged Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Role of breastfeeding on maternal and childhood cancers: An umbrella review of meta-analyses [2023]
  • Journal of the American Heart Association
    • Breastfeeding Is Associated With a Reduced Maternal Cardiovascular Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Involving Data From 8 Studies and 1 192 700 Parous Women [2022]
  • Nutrients
    • Maternal Lifestyle Factors Affecting Breast Milk Composition and Infant Health: A Systematic Review [2024]
    • Breastfeeding Beyond Six Months: Evidence of Child Health Benefits [2024]
    • Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]
  • Oxford Research Encyclopedias
    • Public Health Impact of Breastfeeding [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Breastfeeding and maternal cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes: A systematic review [2017]
• Ireland
  • BMC Public Health
    • Exploring the relationship between breastfeeding and the incidence of infant illnesses in Ireland: evidence from a nationally representative prospective cohort study [2023]
• Israel
  • JAMA Network Open
    • Breastfeeding Duration and Child Development [2025]
• Japan
  • Pediatric Research
    • Association between infant breastfeeding practices and timing of peak height velocity: A nationwide longitudinal survey in Japan [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Effects of breastfeeding on postpartum weight change in Japanese women: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) [2022]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Clinical Therapeutics
    • Breastfeeding in a Global Context: Epidemiology, Impact, and Future Directions [2022]
  • Gates Open Research
    • Interventions to improve linear growth during exclusive breastfeeding life-stage for children aged 0-6 months living in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review with network and pairwise meta-analyses [2020]
  • Lancet Global Health
    • Impact of scaling up breastfeeding on reducing the global burden of non-communicable diseases in mothers and children: a population-based modelling analysis for 132 low-income and middle-income countries [2025]
• Netherlands
  • National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
    • Health effects of breastfeeding: an update [2015]
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • Information on the benefits of breastfeeding in reduced illness and improved health
• Nordic countries
  • Food & Nutrition Research
    • Breastfeeding, introduction of other foods and effects on health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations [2013]
• Pakistan
  • BMJ Open
    • Association of breast feeding and birth interval with child mortality in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study using nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey data [2022]
• Puerto Rico
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
    • Breastfeeding Duration and Asthma in Puerto Rican Children [2014]
• Republic of Korea
  • BMC Oral Health
    • Association between breastfeeding and periodontitis in Korean women using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): a cross-sectional study [2023]
  • Journal of Korean Medical Science
    • Growth, Nutritional Status, and Dietary Intake Patterns Associated With Prolonged Breastfeeding in Young Korean Children: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study [2023]
  • Nature Communications
    • Breastfeeding and impact on childhood hospital admissions: a nationwide birth cohort in South Korea [2023]
  • Nutrients
    • Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated with the Risk of Tooth Loss, Chewing Difficulty, and Undernutrition among Older Korean Women: Results of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013-2015 [2023]
• South Asia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Effect of exclusive breastfeeding and other infant and young child feeding practices on childhood morbidity outcomes: associations for infants 0-6 months in 5 South Asian countries using Demographic and Health Survey data [2024]
• South-East Asia
  • Health Policy and Planning
    • The cost of not breastfeeding in Southeast Asia [2016]
• United Kingdom
  • PLoS Medicine
    • Infant feeding method and special educational need in 191,745 Scottish schoolchildren: A national, population cohort study [2023]
  • Public Health England
    • Breastfeeding and dental health
• United States
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes for Infants and Children [2025]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Public Belief in the Maternal Health Benefits of Breastfeeding — United States, 2018 and 2021 [2023]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs [2017]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Association of Breastfeeding and Child IQ Score at Age 5 Years [2021]
  • Pediatric Clinics of North America
    • Breastfeeding and health outcomes for the mother-infant dyad [2012]
  • Pediatrics
    • Adherence to Breastfeeding Guidelines and Maternal Weight 6 Years After Delivery [2014]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Short-term effects of breastfeeding: a systematic review on the benefits of breastfeeding on diarrhoea and pneumonia mortality [2013]
    • Long-term effects of breastfeeding: a systematic review [2013]
    • Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding : systematic review and meta-analyses [2007]
    • Continued breastfeeding for healthy growth and development of children
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding difficulties

• Australia
  • Australian Family Physician
    • Overcoming challenges faced by breastfeeding mothers [2016]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • The prevalence of breastfeeding aversion response in Australia: A national cross-sectional survey [2023]
  • SA Health
    • Cleft Lip and Palate in the Neonatal Period
  • WA Health
    • Cleft Lip and Palate
• Brazil
  • Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde
    • HTLV infection and cessation of breastfeeding: context and challenges in implementing universal prevention policies in Brazil [2023]
• Canada
  • Canadian Family Physician
    • Surgical frenotomy in infants with ankyloglossia [2025]
  • Canadian Paediatric Society
    • Ankyloglossia and breastfeeding [2015]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Factors that may cause or contribute to inadequate milk intake in newborns [2023]
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Changes in the incidence and surgical treatment of ankyloglossia in Canada [2017]
• Germany
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: Prevalence, persistence, and implications [2025]
• India
  • Indian Academy of Pediatrics
    • Difficulties in Breastfeeding [2022]
• International
  • Archives of Toxicology
    • PFC/PFAS concentrations in human milk and infant exposure through lactation: a comprehensive review of the scientific literature [2025]
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Methodological procedures for ultrasonographic assessment of the tongue during sucking in full-term infants: A scoping review [2025]
  • Breastfeeding Medicine
    • Point-of-Care Techniques to Identify Risks for Early, Unplanned Lactation Cessation Among Term Mother/Infant Dyads: An Integrative Review [2025]
    • Distinguishing Between Lactation Failure and Breastfeeding Cessation: A Scoping Review [2025]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation [2020]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Negative emotional experiences of breastfeeding and the milk ejection reflex: a scoping review [2025]
    • Development of lactation and breast/chestfeeding adverse event terminology (LaBAET) through a Delphi consensus approach [2025]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Risk factors for self-reported insufficient milk during the first 6 months of life: A systematic review [2022]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Breastfeeding [2019]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Lactation Challenges [2024]
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • National Guidance for the Assessment, Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Tongue-Tie in Breastfeeding Neonates [2020]
    • Breastfeeding problems
  • Starship
    • Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie)
• United Kingdom
  • British Journal of General Practice
    • Tongue-tie and breastfeeding problems [2023]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Breastfeeding facilitators and barriers [2021]
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #37: Physiological Infant Care—Managing Nighttime Breastfeeding in Young Infants [2023]
    • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement on Ankyloglossia in Breastfeeding Dyads [2021]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #35: Supporting Breastfeeding During Maternal or Child Hospitalization [2021]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #32: Management of Hyperlactation [2020]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #31: Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Studies in Lactating Women [2019]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #30: Breast Masses, Breast Complaints, and Diagnostic Breast Imaging in the Lactating Woman [2019]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #17: Guidelines for Breastfeeding Infants with Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, or Cleft Lip and Palate—Revised 2019 [2019]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #26: Persistent Pain with Breastfeeding [2016]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #20: Engorgement, Revised 2016 [2016]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #16: Breastfeeding the Hypotonic Infant, Revision 2016 [2016]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #25: Recommendations for Preprocedural Fasting for the Breastfed Infant: “NPO” Guidelines [2012]
  • Advances in Nutrition
    • Breastfeeding Among Minority Women: Moving From Risk Factors to Interventions [2012]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Identification and Management of Ankyloglossia and Its Effect on Breastfeeding in Infants: Clinical Report [2024]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Breastfeeding Challenges [2021]
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
    • Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review [2025]
  • Breastfeeding Medicine
    • Integrating Biological, Behavioral, and Economic Factors in the Practice and Study of Early, Unplanned Lactation Cessation [2025]
  • Cardiology in the Young
    • Breastfeeding infants with CHD: an evidence summary and recommendations from the Cardiac Newborn Neuroprotective Network, a special interest group of the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative [2025]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Travel & Breastfeeding
    • Contraindications to Breastfeeding
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Management of breast conditions and other breastfeeding difficulties [2009]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Mastitis
    • Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding promotion, protection and support

• Arab countries
  • Maternal and Child Health Journal
    • Interventions and Programs to Promote Breastfeeding in Arabic-Speaking Countries: A Scoping Review [2023]
• Australia
  • Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
    • Australian National Breastfeeding Strategy
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Breastfeeding after return to work: An Australian national workplace survey [2023]
  • NSW Health
    • Breastfeeding in NSW - Promotion, Protection and Support
  • SA Health
    • Breastfeeding Policy
  • WA Health
    • Breastfeeding protection promotion and support
  • Women and Birth
    • Publicly available Australian hospital data on infant feeding: A review and comparative analysis of outcomes [2024]
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Position statement on breastfeeding/lactation in the workplace [2023]
• Brazil
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • External evaluation and self-monitoring of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative’s maternity hospitals in Brazil [2019]
  • Reproductive Health
    • The baby-friendly hospital initiative and breastfeeding at birth in Brazil: a cross sectional study [2016]
  • Revista Paulista de Pediatria
    • Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative: evaluation of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding [2013]
• Canada
  • BMJ Open Quality
    • Promoting maternal-child health by increasing breastfeeding rates: a National Canadian Baby-Friendly Initiative Quality Improvement Collaborative Project [2024]
  • Canadian Medical Education Journal
    • Creating a national breastfeeding and lactation policy for Canadian surgical residents [2025]
  • CMAJ
    • Breastfeeding unfriendly in Canada? [2013]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Lactation and Newborn Feeding Support (Third Trimester)
    • Lactation and Newborn Feeding Support (Postpartum)
    • Lactation and Newborn Feeding Support (First and Second Trimester)
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Protecting, Promoting And Supporting Breastfeeding: A Practical Workbook For Community-based Programs - 2nd Edition [2014]
• Developed countries
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Breastfeeding Programs and Policies, Breastfeeding Uptake, and Maternal Health Outcomes in Developed Countries [2018]
• Developing countries
  • World Health Organization
    • Community-based strategies for breastfeeding promotion and support in developing countries [2003]
• Ethiopia
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • The impact of intrapartum and immediate post-partum complications and newborn care practices on breastfeeding initiation in Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study [2023]
  • Reproductive Health
    • The effect of unemployment and post-natal care on the exclusive breast-feeding practice of women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
• Europe
  • European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
    • Promotion of breastfeeding
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Maternal employment characteristics as a structural social determinant of breastfeeding after return to work in the European Region: a scoping review [2024]
  • WHO European Region
    • Interpersonal communication skills for supporting breastfeeding mothers: a handbook for community health support staff in emergency settings [2024]
• France
  • Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
    • Initiating and Supporting Breastfeeding: Guidelines for Interventions during the Perinatal Period from the French National College of Midwives [2022]
• Germany
  • Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Regional Identity
    • National Strategy for the Promotion of Breastfeeding
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Development and results of the German National Strategy for the Promotion of Breastfeeding: a participatory process [2025]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • The role of breastfeeding promotion in German hospitals for exclusive breastfeeding duration [2022]
• Gulf Cooperation Council
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Applying the theory of planned behavior to examine breastfeeding determinants in countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council: a systematic review [2025]
• India
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
    • Programme for Promotion of Breastfeeding [2016]
• Indonesia
  • Journal of Human Lactation
    • Breastfeeding Support and Protection During Natural Disaster and Climate-Related Emergencies in Indonesia: Policy Audit [2025]
• International
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Promoting the practice of exclusive breastfeeding: a philosophic scoping review [2022]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Psychometrics of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale and short form: a systematic review [2024]
  • Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
    • Promotion, protection, and support of breastfeeding at work, and achieving sustainable development: a scoping review [2023]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies [2022]
  • Health Education & Behavior
    • Effects of Prenatal Breastfeeding Education on Breastfeeding Duration Beyond 12 Weeks: A Systematic Review [2024]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Supporting breastfeeding when clinical nutrition interventions are required in the paediatric healthcare setting: a systematic review [2025]
    • Improving breastfeeding support through the implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital and Community Initiatives: a scoping review [2023]
  • International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
    • An exploration of prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy: a scoping review [2024]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Impact and Effectiveness of Group Strategies for Supporting Breastfeeding after Birth: A Systematic Review [2021]
  • International Journal of Nursing Studies
    • Text messaging interventions for breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • International Pediatric Association
    • Role of Pediatricians in Promoting and Supporting Breastfeeding: A Position Paper of the International Pediatric Association Strategic Advisory Group on Infant, Child, and Adolescent Nutrition [2023]
  • Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
    • The Effects of Interventions During Pregnancy to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]
  • Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing
    • Scoping Review of Women's Experiences of Breastfeeding Associated With Maternity Care in Hospitals That Implement Baby-Friendly Policies [2025]
  • Journal of Public Health Policy
    • Translating results into action: the global impact of the World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative [2023]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • What makes a city 'breastfeeding-friendly'? A scoping review of indicators of a breastfeeding-friendly city [2024]
    • What works to protect, promote and support breastfeeding on a large scale: A review of reviews [2022]
    • Countries' experiences scaling up national breastfeeding, protection, promotion and support programmes: Comparative case studies analysis [2022]
  • Midwifery
    • Nurse and midwife interventions to protect, promote and support breastfeeding: An umbrella review [2025]
  • Nutrients
    • Effectiveness of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative on Early Initiation and Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Effect of online intervention mode on breastfeeding results: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP
    • Use of technologies by nurses to promote breastfeeding: a scoping review [2024]
  • Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
    • Breastfeeding strategies following nurslings' hospitalization: a scoping review [2025]
  • SBCC Implementation Kits
    • Supporting Breastfeeding Interventions for Faith-Based Organizations
  • Women and Birth
    • Impact of baby-friendly hospital initiatives on breastfeeding outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
• Iran
  • Health Education Research
    • Breastfeeding interventions and programs conducted in the Islamic Republic of Iran: a scoping review [2025]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • National Standards for Infant Feeding in Maternity Services [2022]
    • Breastfeeding policy for staff working in the public health service [2020]
    • National Infant feeding Policy for Primary Care Teams and Community Healthcare Settings [2019]
    • Infant Feeding Policy for Maternity Neonatal Services [2019]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Validating and prioritizing prenatal breastfeeding education recommendations: A nominal group technique study with postnatal mothers and healthcare professionals [2025]
    • Breastfeeding related knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices of primary healthcare professionals in Ireland: A national cross-sectional survey [2025]
  • Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
    • A position paper on breastfeeding [2021]
• Italy
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Current hospital policies on breastfeeding: a survey from Italy [2024]
  • Società Italiana di Neonatologia
    • Tele-support in breastfeeding: position statement of the Italian society of Neonatology [2024]
• Japan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Japanese trends in breastfeeding rate in baby-friendly hospitals between 2007 and 2010: a retrospective hospital-based surveillance study [2013]
• Kenya
  • Ministry of Health Kenya
    • Implementation framework for securing a breastfeeding friendly environment at work places [2020]
    • Guidelines for securing a breastfeeding friendly environment at the work place [2018]
• Kyrgyzstan
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Building the competency of health professionals in the Kyrgyz Republic for the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative [2023]
• Latin America and the Caribbean
  • Pan American Health Organization
    • The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative in Latin America and the Caribbean: Current status, challenges, and opportunities [2016]
• Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain
  • Health Promotion Practice
    • A Scoping Review of Breastfeeding Interventions and Programs Conducted Across Spanish-Speaking Countries [2025]
• Low and middle income countries
  • BMC Public Health
    • Effect of breastfeeding promotion interventions on breastfeeding rates, with special focus on developing countries [2011]
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Does extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave improve breastfeeding practices? Evidence from 38 low-income and middle-income countries [2018]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Maternity protection entitlements for non-standard workers in low-and-middle-income countries and potential implications for breastfeeding practices: a scoping review of research since 2000 [2023]
  • Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
    • Engaging men to promote and support exclusive breastfeeding: a descriptive review of 28 projects in 20 low- and middle-income countries from 2003 to 2013 [2017]
  • Nutrients
    • Effectiveness of Breastfeeding Support Packages in Low- and Middle-Income Countries for Infants under Six Months: A Systematic Review [2021]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Peer Support and Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2012]
• Mexico
  • Current Developments in Nutrition
    • Scaling Up Breastfeeding Programs in Mexico: Lessons Learned from the Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly Initiative [2018]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in Mexico: a systematic literature review using the RE-AIM framework [2023]
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • National Breastfeeding Strategy for New Zealand Aotearoa
• Nigeria, South-East Asia
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Advocating for Paid Maternity Leave and Workplace Lactation Policy Reform and Implementation: Lessons Learned From Indonesia, Nigeria, the Philippines and Vietnam [2025]
• Philippines
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Maternity protection policies and the enabling environment for breastfeeding in the Philippines: a qualitative study [2023]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Implementation and Effectiveness of Policies Adopted to Enable Breastfeeding in the Philippines Are Limited by Structural and Individual Barriers [2022]
• Saudi Arabia
  • Nurse Education in Practice
    • Cultural and linguistic appropriateness of a web-based breastfeeding educational resource for Saudi women: Consensus development conference approach [2023]
• Serbia
  • Anthropologies of Global Maternal and Reproductive Health
    • Baby (Not So) Friendly: Implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in Serbia [2022]
• South Africa
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Baseline status regarding compliance with neo-BFHI recommendations in South African neonatal wards: a cross-sectional survey [2023]
  • International Journal for Equity in Health
    • Breastfeeding inequities in South Africa: Can enforcement of the WHO Code help address them? – A systematic scoping review [2021]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Advances in Nutrition
    • Early Infant Feeding Practices among Women Engaged in Paid Work in Africa: A Systematic Scoping Review [2024]
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Poor access to breastfeeding counseling services and associated factors among lactating mothers who had optimal antenatal care follow-up in Sub-saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of the recent Demographic and Health Survey [2024]
  • Global Health Research and Policy
    • Barriers and facilitators for early and exclusive breastfeeding in health facilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review [2021]
• Switzerland
  • Stillförderung Schweiz
    • Breastfeeding Promotion Switzerland
• Taiwan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Public policy on breastfeeding among working mothers in Taiwan: comparison between two national surveys [2023]
• Trinidad and Tobago
  • Ministry of Health Trinidad and Tobago
    • National Breastfeeding Policy [2020]
• Türkiye
  • Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
    • Baby-friendly hospitals in Turkey: evaluation of adherence to the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding [2022]
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • The interplay between maternal employment dynamics and trends in breastfeeding practices over the past decade [2024]
• Uganda
  • PLoS ONE
    • Cost-Effectiveness of Peer Counselling for the Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Uganda [2015]
• United Kingdom
  • BMC Public Health
    • The cost-effectiveness of antenatal and postnatal education and support interventions for women aimed at promoting breastfeeding in the UK [2022]
  • Health and Social Care Delivery Research
    • Lessons for the UK on implementation and evaluation of breastfeeding support: evidence syntheses and stakeholder engagement [2024]
  • Journal of Human Lactation
    • Stakeholder Perspectives on Research, Policy and Practice Priorities to Increase Human Milk Feeding Rates in the United Kingdom [2024]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Gearing to success with national breastfeeding programmes: The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) initiative experience [2023]
    • Becoming breastfeeding friendly in Wales: Recommendations for scaling up breastfeeding support [2023]
  • Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
    • Early years high impact area 3: Supporting breastfeeding
  • Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
    • Breastfeeding in the UK - position statement [2022]
  • Scottish Government
    • Breastfeeding peer support core principles for volunteering in Scotland: guidance [2021]
  • United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
    • The Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative
  • Welsh Government
    • All Wales Breastfeeding 5 Year Action Plan [2019]
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement: Breastfeeding in Emergencies [2024]
    • ABM Position Statement: Paid Maternity Leave-Importance to Society, Breastfeeding, and Sustainable Development [2024]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #19: Breastfeeding Promotion in the Prenatal Period (Revised 2024) [2024]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #14: Breastfeeding-Friendly Physician's Office—Optimizing Care for Infants and Children [2021]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #7: Model Maternity Policy Supportive of Breastfeeding [2018]
    • ABM Position on Breastfeeding—Revised 2015 [2015]
    • Breastfeeding Support for Mothers in Workplace Employment or Educational Settings: Summary Statement [2013]
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Interventions to Support Breastfeeding: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force [2025]
  • American Academy of Family Physicians
    • Breastfeeding, Family Physicians Supporting (Position Paper) [2022]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Paid Family and Medical Leave: Policy Statement [2024]
    • The Breastfeeding-Friendly Pediatric Office Practice [2017]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Practice Advisory to Update the Duration of Breastfeeding [2023]
    • Barriers to Breastfeeding: Supporting Initiation and Continuation of Breastfeeding [2021]
    • Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice [2018]
  • Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
    • Compliance with the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and impact on breastfeeding rates [2013]
  • Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
    • Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk [2021]
  • Birth
    • Baby-Friendly Hospital Practices and Birth Costs [2013]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Understanding lactation policies and resources across a university system: survey and document review [2024]
    • Changes in maternity care policies and practices that support breastfeeding as measured by the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding - United States, 2018-2022 [2024]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Implementing Legislation to Improve Hospital Support of Breastfeeding, New York State, 2009–2013 [2015]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • State paid family leave policies and breastfeeding duration: cross-sectional analysis of 2021 national immunization survey-child [2024]
    • A systematic literature review of breastfeeding interventions among Black populations using the RE-AIM framework [2022]
  • International Journal for Equity in Health
    • Impact of breastfeeding interventions among United States minority women on breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review [2021]
  • JAMA Network Open
    • Policies to Support Lactation at Highly Ranked US Medical Schools [2023]
  • Maternal and Child Health Journal
    • Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Hospital Breastfeeding Care in the US [2025]
  • National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners
    • NAPNAP Position Statement on Breastfeeding [2019]
  • National Commission on Correctional Health Care
    • Breastfeeding in Correctional Settings [2023]
  • Nursing Research
    • Nurse-Reported Staffing Guidelines and Exclusive Breast Milk Feeding [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Women's status, breastfeeding support, and breastfeeding practices in the United States [2022]
  • Public Health Reports
    • National Policies on Parental Leave and Breastfeeding Breaks: Racial, Ethnic, Gender, and Age Disparities in Access and Implications for Infant and Child Health [2024]
  • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    • Breastfeeding: Primary Care Behavioral Counseling Interventions [2025]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services: the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative: monitoring manual [2025]
    • Global breastfeeding scorecard 2022: protecting breadsfeeding through further investments and policy actions [2022]
    • Implementation guidance on counselling women to improve breastfeeding practices [2021]
    • Global breastfeeding scorecard 2021: protecting breastfeeding through bold national actions during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond [2021]
    • Advocacy brief: nutrition for growth year of action: nine SMART breastfeeding pledges [2021]
    • Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding: the baby-friendly hospital initiative for small, sick and preterm newborns [2020]
    • Competency verification toolkit: Ensuring competency of direct care providers to implement the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative [2020]
    • Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative training course for maternity staff [2020]
    • Maternity leave legislation in support of breastfeeding: case studies around the world [2019]
    • Global breastfeeding scorecard 2019: increasing commitment to breastfeeding through funding and improved policies and programmes [2019]
    • Breastfeeding and family-friendly policies: advocacy brief [2019]
    • Implementation guidance: protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services: the revised Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative 2018 [2018]
    • National implementation of the baby-friendly hospital initiative [2017]
    • Guideline: protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services [2017]
    • Breastfeeding Advocacy Initiative [2015]
    • Baby-friendly hospital initiative: revised, updated and expanded for integrated care [2009]
    • Ten steps to successful breastfeeding
    • Promoting baby-friendly hospitals
• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
    • Summary report on the training workshop on the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative for policy-makers in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Amman, Jordan 15–17 December 2015 [2016]
• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • WHO South-East Asia Region
    • Regional Consultation to Protect, Promote and Support Breastfeeding with a Focus on Baby Friendly Hospital Practices [2017]
• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • WHO Western Pacific Region
    • Protecting, supporting and promoting breastfeeding
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Kangaroo mother care, skin-to-skin contact
    • Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding statistics

• Afghanistan
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Factors influencing early initiation of breastfeeding in Afghanistan: secondary analysis of the Afghanistan MICS 2022-23 [2025]
• Argentina
  • Archivos argentinos de pediatría
    • Prevalence of breastfeeding in the public health sector of Argentina according to the National Survey on Breastfeeding of 2017 [2022]
• Australia
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics
    • Breastfeeding
• Austria
  • Nutrients
    • Breastfeeding Prevalence in Austria according to the WHO IYCF Indicators—The SUKIE-Study [2021]
• Bangladesh
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • The trend in exclusive breastfeeding practice and its association with maternal employment in Bangladesh: A multilevel analysis [2022]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Gender inequality in early initiation of breastfeeding in Bangladesh: a trend analysis [2020]
  • International Health
    • Prevalence of and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Bangladesh: a multilevel modelling [2023]
  • Nutrients
    • Breastfeeding Practices among Adolescent Mothers and Associated Factors in Bangladesh (2004–2014) [2021]
  • PLoS ONE
    • How is maternal employment associated with infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis [2025]
    • Prevalence and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among Bangladeshi mothers: A nationwide cross-sectional study [2019]
    • Prevalence and determinants of initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth: An analysis of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2014 [2019]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Trends in early initiation of breastfeeding in Bangladesh and a multilevel analysis approach to find its determinants [2021]
• Belgium
  • BioMed Research International
    • Breastfeeding Duration: A Survival Analysis—Data from a Regional Immunization Survey [2014]
• Brazil
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Trends of breastfeeding indicators in Brazil from 1996 to 2019 and the gaps to achieve the WHO/UNICEF 2030 targets [2023]
  • Revista de Saúde Pública
    • Breastfeeding indicators trends in Brazil for three decades [2017]
• Cambodia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Association between place of birth and timely breastfeeding initiation among Cambodian women: a population-based study [2022]
• Canada
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Rates of and factors associated with exclusive and any breastfeeding at six months in Canada: an analysis of population-based cross-sectional data [2023]
    • Canada's breastfeeding dashboard
  • Statistics Canada
    • Overwhelming majority of Canadian women start breastfeeding soon after giving birth, and more than half stop within six months
• Chad
  • International Health
    • Maternal and child factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Chad: evidence from nationally representative cross-sectional data [2022]
• China
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Current prevalence, changes, and determinants of breastfeeding practice in China: data from cross-sectional national household health services surveys in 2013 and 2018 [2023]
    • Breastfeeding in China: a review [2009]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Breastfeeding in China: A Review of Changes in the Past Decade [2020]
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • Prevalence and risk factors of delayed onset lactogenesis II in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • What are the determinants of low exclusive breastfeeding prevalence in China? A cross-sectional study [2022]
• Côte d'Ivoire
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding of children under six months of age in Cote d'Ivoire [2023]
• Ethiopia
  • BioMed Research International
    • Trends of Inequalities in Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys, 2000-2016 [2022]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Prevalence and contributing factors of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
    • Trends and disparities in ever-breastfeeding practice and early breastfeeding initiation in Ethiopia: a 20-year trend analysis from EDHS datasets [2024]
  • BMJ Open
    • Prevalence, spatial variation and associated factors of mixed milk feeding among mothers with infants aged 0-6 months in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis [2024]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice and its association with maternal employment in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
    • Trends and factors associated to early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: evidence from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 [2020]
    • Trends and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2016 [2019]
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Trends and determinants of breastfeeding within one hour in Ethiopia, further analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey: multivariate decomposition analysis [2021]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Infant Feeding Practices in Ethiopia: Birth Cohort Study in Five Regions [2025]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Prevalence of ineffective breastfeeding techniques and its associated factors among breastfeeding mothers in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
    • Effective breastfeeding techniques and associated factors among lactating women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
    • Exploring the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under-six months in Ethiopia using multilevel analysis [2021]
• Europe
  • WHO European Region
    • Child and adolescent health in the WHO European Region: breastfeeding fact sheet [2024]
• France
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Trends in breastfeeding practices and mothers’ experience in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort [2021]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Trends and disparities in breastfeeding initiation in France between 2010 and 2016: Results from the French National Perinatal Surveys [2022]
• Gambia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Exploring the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months in the Gambia using gambian demographic and health survey data of 2019-20 [2023]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in The Gambia: a population-based study using the 2019-2020 demographic and health survey data [2023]
• Georgia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge: a study using data from the Georgian Birth Registry [2020]
• Ghana
  • BMC Public Health
    • Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants of working mothers in Ghana: a secondary analysis of the 2022 demographic and health survey [2025]
    • Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life in Ghana [2023]
  • BMJ Open
    • Time trends in the prevalence and determinants of age-appropriate breast feeding among children aged 0-23 months in Ghana: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys, 2003-2017 [2022]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Prevalence and predictors of timely initiation of breastfeeding in Ghana: an analysis of 2017–2018 multiple indicator cluster survey [2021]
• High-income countries
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Monitoring breastfeeding indicators in high-income countries: Levels, trends and challenges [2021]
• India
  • BMC Public Health
    • National and rural-urban prevalence and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in India [2019]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Decadal trends in the exclusive breastfeeding practices among working Indian mothers: a multi-level analysis [2024]
    • Intersectional inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding practices in India: analysis of national family health survey-4 [2023]
    • Factors associated with delayed initiation and non-exclusive breastfeeding among children in India: evidence from national family health survey 2019-21 [2023]
    • Exclusive breastfeeding practices and its determinants in Indian infants: findings from the National Family Health Surveys-4 and 5 [2023]
    • Regional prevalence and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in India [2019]
    • Changes in exclusive breastfeeding practices and its determinants in India, 1992–2006: analysis of national survey data [2015]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Prevalence, trend, and inequality of prolonged exclusive breastfeeding among children aged 6-23 months old in India from 1992-2021: A cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data [2024]
• Indonesia
  • BMC Public Health
    • Progress towards reducing sociodemographic disparities in breastfeeding outcomes in Indonesia: a trend analysis from 2002 to 2017 [2020]
  • BPS-Statistics Indonesia
    • Percentage of Infants Aged 0-5 Months Receiving Exclusive Breastfeeding by Province
  • Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
    • Do the effects of type and place of birth on early initiation of breastfeeding differ by place of residence? Evidence from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 2017 [2025]
  • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
    • Birth Patterns and Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation in Indonesia [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Trends and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Indonesia: A multivariate decomposition analysis [2023]
• International
  • BMC Public Health
    • Measuring breastfeeding prevalence using demographic and health surveys [2024]
  • Heliyon
    • Early initiation of breastfeeding up to six months among mothers after cesarean section or vaginal birth: A scoping review [2023]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Predictors of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
    • Incidence and factors influencing delayed onset of lactation: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Breastfeeding after Returning to Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]
  • Journal of Human Lactation
    • Breastfeeding Measurement - Considerations When Measuring Exclusive Breastfeeding [2025]
  • Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
    • An Integrative Review of Exclusive Breast Milk Expression [2025]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Complex intertwined association between breastfeeding practices and household food insecurity: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
    • Exclusive breastfeeding: Measurement to match the global recommendation [2022]
  • Nutrients
    • Trend and Burden of Suboptimal Breastfeeding in Children Under Five Years of Age in 1990-2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [2025]
  • United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
    • Global breastfeeding scorecard 2023 [2023]
    • Breastfeeding A Mother'S Gift, for Every Child [2018]
    • Breastfeeding
  • Women and Birth
    • Factors and interventions that positively influence breastfeeding rates at six months postpartum: An integrative literature review [2025]
• Iran
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice in the first six months of life and its determinants in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2019]
• Ireland
  • Health Information and Quality Authority
    • Women's experiences of initiating feeding shortly after birth in Ireland: A secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from the National Maternity Experience Survey [2022]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • A repeated cross-sectional analysis of breastfeeding initiation rates in Ireland for two decades and 10 recommended priorities for improvement [2023]
• Israel
  • Israel Journal of Health Policy Research
    • Breastfeeding rates in Israel and their health policy implications [2025]
• Italy
  • Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
    • Monitoring prevalence of breastfeeding and associated factors: results of the 2022 data collection of the Italian surveillance of children aged 0-2 years [2025]
• Japan
  • Scientific Reports
    • Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding rates until 6 months postpartum: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study [2021]
• Laos
  • Public Health Nutrition
    • How do the determinants of exclusive breast-feeding change over time? A multi-survey quasi-longitudinal study in Lao People's Democratic Republic [2022]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Global Health: Science and Practice
    • Initiation of Breastfeeding in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Time-to-Event Analysis [2021]
  • International Journal for Equity in Health
    • Maternal education and equity in breastfeeding: trends and patterns in 81 low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2019 [2021]
• Mauritania
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding and its associated factors among women in Mauritania: evidence from a national survey [2024]
• Mozambique
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Individual- and community-level factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Mozambique: evidence from the 2022-2023 Demographic and Health Survey [2024]
• Namibia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Namibia: analysis of the Demographic and Health Surveys 2000–2013 [2018]
• Nepal
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Implications of methodological differences in measuring the rates of exclusive breastfeeding in Nepal: findings from literature review and cohort study [2016]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months in Nepal: multilevel analysis of nationally representative household survey data [2024]
    • Exclusive breastfeeding practices in relation to social and health determinants: a comparison of the 2006 and 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys [2013]
  • Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
    • The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice in the first six months of life and its associated factors in Nepal: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
• Nigeria
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Nigeria: a population-based study using the 2013 demograhic and health survey data [2016]
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Time trends and determinants of breastfeeding practices among adolescents and young women in Nigeria, 2003–2018 [2020]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Rural-urban differences on the rates and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Nigeria: further analysis of the Nigeria demographic and health survey, 2013 [2017]
• Norway
  • British Journal of Nutrition
    • Secular trends in infant feeding practices during the first year of life in Norway: findings from 1998 to 2019 - the Spedkost surveys [2024]
• OECD countries
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Historical-qualitative analysis of breastfeeding trends in three OECD countries [2019]
• Papua New Guinea
  • Archives of Public Health
    • Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Papua New Guinea: a population-based study using the 2016-2018 demographic and health survey data [2020]
• Peru
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Factors Associated with Adequate Breastfeeding: Evidence from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey, 2019 [2022]
• Republic of Korea
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Trends and Determinants in Breastfeeding among Korean Women: A Nationwide Population-Based Study [2021]
  • Journal of Korean Medical Science
    • The Current Status of Prolonged Breastfeeding and Its Related Factors in Korean Infants and Their Mothers: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study [2023]
    • Trends of Breastfeeding Rate in Korea (1994-2012): Comparison with OECD and Other Countries [2013]
• Saudi Arabia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Prevalence and predictors of breastfeeding practices in Saudi Arabia: a national cross-sectional study based on the 2021 WHO breastfeeding indicators [2025]
    • Breastfeeding in Saudi Arabia: a review [2014]
• Sierra Leone
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Exclusive breastfeeding and its associated factors among children aged 0-5 months in Sierra Leone: a multilevel analysis [2025]
• South Asia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Effectiveness of interventions on early initiation of breastfeeding in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2025]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Trends and predictors of optimal breastfeeding among children 0–23 months, South Asia: Analysis of national survey data [2018]
• Southern Africa, Western Europe
  • Nutrients
    • Maternal Socioeconomic Status and the Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding in Western Europe Versus Southern Africa: A Systematic Review-A Contribution from the ConcePTION Project [2025]
• Sri Lanka
  • PLoS ONE
    • Predictors of early initiation of breastfeeding in women who give birth in Sri Lankan hospitals: A cross-sectional assessment of socio-demographic and clinical measures [2025]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Antenatal care and breastfeeding practices in Sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of demographic and health surveys [2025]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of demographic and health surveys [2025]
  • BMJ Open
    • Prevalence of key breastfeeding indicators in 29 sub-Saharan African countries: a meta-analysis of demographic and health surveys (2010–2015) [2017]
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Determinants of prolonged exclusive breastfeeding among children aged 6-23 months in 21 sub-saharan African countries: evidence from nationally representative data [2025]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Is childbirth location associated with higher rates of favourable early breastfeeding practices in Sub-Saharan Africa? [2019]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Timely initiation of breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers having children less than two years of age in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis using recent Demographic and Health Surveys data [2021]
• Sweden
  • BMJ Open
    • Changes in the prevalence of breast feeding in preterm infants discharged from neonatal units: a register study over 10 years [2016]
  • National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen)
    • Statistics on breastfeeding 2021 [2023]
• Tanzania
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Trends of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices and Its Determinants in Tanzania from 1999 to 2016 [2023]
• Uganda
  • BMC Public Health
    • Prevalence, patterns, and determinants of breastfeeding cessation among mothers of children under 24 months in Uganda [2024]
• United Arab Emirates
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Infant and young child feeding practice status and its determinants in UAE: results from the MISC cohort [2025]
    • A systematic review and meta-analysis of breastfeeding rates, factors influencing breastfeeding and practices in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) [2025]
• United Kingdom
  • European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
    • Trends and inequalities in breastfeeding continuation from 1 to 6 weeks: findings from six population-based British cohorts, 1985-2010 [2022]
  • Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
    • Breastfeeding statistics
  • PLoS ONE
    • Twenty-five-year trends in breastfeeding initiation: The effects of sociodemographic changes in Great Britain, 1985-2010 [2019]
  • Public Health Scotland
    • Infant feeding statistics
  • Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
    • Breastfeeding
  • Welsh Government
    • Breastfeeding data
• United States
  • BMC Public Health
    • Race/ethnicity-specific associations between breastfeeding information source and breastfeeding rates among U.S. women [2023]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation - United States, 2019 [2021]
    • Racial Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration Among U.S. Infants Born in 2015 [2019]
    • Racial and Geographic Differences in Breastfeeding — United States, 2011–2015 [2017]
    • Breastfeeding Data
  • JAMA Network Open
    • Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among US Children [2024]
  • JAMA Pediatrics
    • Breastfeeding Trends by Race/Ethnicity Among US Children Born From 2009 to 2015 [2019]
  • Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
    • Human milk expression in the first year postpartum among persons with low incomes [2023]
  • Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
    • Breastfeeding Initiation Trends by Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Participation and Race/Ethnicity Among Medicaid Births [2023]
    • Trends in Breastfeeding Disparities in U.S. Infants by WIC Eligibility and Participation [2019]
  • Pediatrics
    • Prevalence and Predictors of Breastfeeding Duration of 24 or More Months [2023]
• Vietnam
  • Global Health Action
    • Trends and determinants for early initiation of and exclusive breastfeeding under six months in Vietnam: results from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2000–2011 [2016]
• West Africa
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Early Initiation of Breastfeeding and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Anglophone and Francophone West African Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence [2025]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding following birth in West Africa: A multilevel analysis using data from multi-country national health surveys [2024]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Global nutrition targets 2030: breastfeeding brief [2025]
    • Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [2021]
    • Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Part III: Country profiles [2010]
    • Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Part II: Measurement [2010]
    • Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Part I: Definition [2008]
    • Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months (%)
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Breastfeeding

Donor human milk, human milk banking

• Australia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Breast milk donation after neonatal death in Australia: a report [2014]
  • NSW Health
    • Breastmilk: Safe Management
  • SA Health
    • Expressed Breast Milk: Safe Management and Administration Clinical Directive
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
    • Operational guidelines for milk banks in Australia and New Zealand [2022]
• Austria, Germany, Switzerland
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Donor human milk programs in German, Austrian and Swiss neonatal units - findings from an international survey [2020]
• Brazil
  • Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
    • The role of human milk banks in promoting maternal and infant health: a systematic review [2021]
  • Jornal de Pediatria
    • The trend of services provided by human milk banks between 2010 and 2019 in Brazil [2022]
• Canada
  • Canadian Family Physician
    • Donated breast milk stored in banks versus breast milk purchased online [2015]
  • Canadian Paediatric Society
    • Pasteurized and unpasteurized donor human milk [2020]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Human donor milk for the vulnerable infant: a Canadian perspective [2014]
• Canada, United States
  • Human Milk Banking Association of North America
    • HMBANA Standards for Donor Human Milk Banking: An Overview [2024]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on North American milk banks [2021]
• China
  • World Journal of Pediatrics
    • The data and characteristics of the human milk banks in mainland China [2019]
• Developing countries
  • Health Promotion Perspectives
    • Human milk banking can be an innovative approach for developing countries [2018]
• Europe
  • European Milk Bank Association
    • Vegan/vegetarian diet and human milk donation: An EMBA survey across European milk banks [2024]
    • “Donor milk banking: Improving the future”. A survey on the operation of the European donor human milk banks [2021]
    • Recommendations for the Establishment and Operation of Human Milk Banks in Europe: A Consensus Statement From the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) [2019]
    • Fortification of Human Milk for Preterm Infants: Update and Recommendations of the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) Working Group on Human Milk Fortification [2019]
  • European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
    • The role of human milk banks
• France
  • Association des Lactariums de France
    • French Human Milk Bank Association
• India
  • Indian Pediatrics
    • A Landscape Analysis of Human Milk Banks in India [2019]
    • Human milk banking guidelines [2014]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Role of human milk banks amid COVID 19: perspective from a milk bank in India [2020]
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
    • National Guidelines on Lactation Management Centres in Public Health Facilities [2017]
• International
  • Advances in Nutrition
    • The Nutritional Composition and Energy Content of Donor Human Milk: A Systematic Review [2020]
  • Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • Developing global guidance on human milk banking [2021]
  • Current Nutrition Reports
    • Barriers and Facilitators for the Donation and Acceptance of Human Breast milk: A Scoping Review [2023]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Human milk bank services and Islamic milk kinship: pathways and processes for ensuring respect for religious law and tradition in the provision of donor human milk for small vulnerable newborns [2025]
    • Explaining the experiences of donors, recipients, and healthcare providers regarding milk donation: a systematic review and meta-synthesis [2025]
  • Journal of Human Lactation
    • Conceptualizing the Commercialization of Human Milk: A Concept Analysis [2024]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • The global status of human milk banking [2024]
    • Review of current best practices for human milk banking [2024]
    • Nonprofit human milk banking: On a challenging path to global equity [2024]
    • International expert meeting on the donation and use of human milk: Brief report [2024]
    • Comparison between the for-profit human milk industry and nonprofit human milk banking: Time for regulation? [2024]
    • A comparative review of human milk banking and national tissue banking programs [2024]
    • Maintaining human milk bank services throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: A global response [2021]
  • Nutrients
    • Factors That Influence the Sustainability of Human Milk Donation to Milk Banks: A Systematic Review [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • A scoping review on current technology-based approaches to support breastfeeding and informal human milk exchange practices [2023]
  • Public Health Nutrition
    • What is known about human milk bank donors around the world: a systematic scoping review [2022]
  • Women and Birth
    • Unveiling the voices: Exploring perspectives and experiences of women, donors, recipient mothers and healthcare professionals in human milk donation: A systematic review of qualitative studies [2024]
• Italy
  • Nutrition Reviews
    • Recommendations for the establishment and operation of a donor human milk bank [2023]
• Japan
  • Nippon Foundation Human Milk Bank
    • Our Standards
• New Zealand
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Formal and informal human milk donation in New Zealand: a mixed-method national survey [2024]
  • Starship
    • Breastfeeding - Breast Milk Sharing in Newborn Services
• Republic of Korea
  • Journal of Korean Medical Science
    • The Experience of Human Milk Banking for 8 Years: Korean Perspective [2016]
• South Africa
  • National Department of Health South Africa
    • National Health Act: Regulations: Human milk banks [2015]
• South-East Asia
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Human milk banks in the response to COVID-19: a statement of the regional human milk bank network for Southeast Asia and beyond [2021]
• Spain
  • Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
    • Recommendations for the creation and operation of maternal milk banks in Spain [2018]
• Switzerland
  • Nutrients
    • Bridging the Milk Gap: Integrating a Human Milk Bank-Blood Bank Model to Reinforce Lactation Support and Neonatal Care [2025]
• United Kingdom
  • Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
    • Cost of operating a human milk bank in the UK: a microcosting analysis [2025]
  • British Association of Perinatal Medicine
    • The Use of Donor Human Milk in Neonates [2023]
    • Framework for Practice: Lactation and loss [2022]
    • The Use of Donor Human Expressed Breast Milk in Newborn Infants - A Framework for Practice (2016) [2016]
  • Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
    • Understanding modifiable barriers to human milk donation in the United Kingdom [2025]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Disparities in being able to donate human milk impacts upon maternal wellbeing: Lessons for scaling up milk bank service provision [2024]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Donor milk banks: the operation of donor milk bank services [2010]
• United Kingdom, United States
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Donation barriers, enablers, patterns and predictors of milk bank donors in the United States and United Kingdom [2024]
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine's 2017 Position Statement on Informal Breast Milk Sharing for the Term Healthy Infant [2018]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Donor Human Milk for the High-Risk Infant: Preparation, Safety, and Usage Options in the United States [2017]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Donor Human Milk Use in Advanced Neonatal Care Units — United States, 2020 [2022]
  • Current Opinion in Pediatrics
    • Donor Human Milk for VLBWs: Patterns of Usage, Outcomes, and Unanswered Questions [2015]
  • Hospital Pediatrics
    • Supplementation Practices and Donor Milk Use in U.S. Well Newborn Nurseries [2020]
  • Journal of Perinatology
    • Establishing an integrated human milk banking approach to strengthen newborn care [2017]
• Vietnam
  • Journal of Human Lactation
    • Strengthening Newborn Nutrition Through Establishment of the First Human Milk Bank in Vietnam [2021]
  • Nutrients
    • Trends and Dynamics in the First Four Years of Operation of the First Human Milk Bank in Vietnam [2021]
    • Factors Associated with the Use of Pasteurized Donor Milk for Healthy Newborns: Experience from the First Human Milk Bank in Vietnam [2021]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Breastfeeding

HIV/AIDS and breastfeeding/infant feeding

• Africa
  • AIDS
    • Individualizing the WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Guidelines: Optimal breastfeeding duration to maximize infant HIV-free survival [2014]
• Australia
  • Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine
    • The Optimal Scenario & Context of Care [2021]
• Brazil
  • AIDS Care
    • ‘I did not feel like a mother’: The success and remaining challenges to exclusive formula feeding among HIV-positive women in Brazil [2013]
• Canada
  • Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada
    • Canadian Pediatric & Perinatal HIV/AIDS Research Group consensus recommendations for infant feeding in the HIV context [2023]
  • Medicine
    • Cost-effectiveness analysis of infant feeding modalities for virally suppressed mothers in Canada living with HIV [2019]
• Côte d'Ivoire
  • Journal of the International AIDS Society
    • Breastfeeding: the hidden barrier in Côte d'Ivoire's quest to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV [2014]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • A systematic review and meta-analysis on adoption of WHO-recommended infant feeding practices among HIV positive mothers in Ethiopia [2021]
• Europe
  • European AIDS Clinical Society
    • Guidelines and practice of breastfeeding in women living with HIV-Results from the European INSURE survey [2023]
  • HIV Medicine
    • HIV postnatal prophylaxis and infant feeding policies vary across Europe: results of a Penta survey [2025]
    • European Guidelines on HIV and breastfeeding: "Same, same, but different" - Results from a WAVE survey [2025]
• India
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
    • Nutrition Guidelines for HIV-Exposed and Infected Children [2013]
• International
  • Advances in Nutrition
    • Nutrition in HIV-Infected Infants and Children: Current Knowledge, Existing Challenges, and New Dietary Management Opportunities [2021]
  • AIDS
    • Challenges in infant and young child nutrition in the context of HIV [2013]
  • Clinics in Perinatology
    • Survival and Health Benefits of Breastfeeding Versus Artificial Feeding in Infants of HIV-Infected Women: Developing Versus Developed World [2010]
  • Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
    • Infant feeding: emerging concepts to prevent HIV transmission [2024]
  • Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease
    • When law and science part ways: the criminalization of breastfeeding by women living with HIV [2022]
• Kenya
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Exclusive breastfeeding among women taking HAART for PMTCT of HIV-1 in the Kisumu Breastfeeding Study [2014]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding by maternal HIV status: a population-based survey in Kenya [2024]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Outcomes in a Cohort of Women Who Discontinued Maternal Triple-Antiretroviral Regimens Initially Used to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding—Kenya, 2003–2009 [2014]
• Lesotho
  • HIV Research & Clinical Practice
    • Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among peri-urban mothers living with and without HIV in Lesotho [2025]
• Nigeria
  • Pan African Medical Journal
    • Exclusive breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS: a crossectional survey of mothers attending prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV clinics in southwestern Nigeria [2015]
• Papua New Guinea
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Infant feeding in the context of HIV: a qualitative study of health care workers’ knowledge of recommended infant feeding options in Papua New Guinea [2013]
• Rwanda
  • PLoS ONE
    • Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV: Cost-Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Regimens and Feeding Options in Rwanda [2013]
• South Africa
  • PLoS ONE
    • The Cost-Effectiveness of Different Feeding Patterns Combined with Prompt Treatments for Preventing Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in South Africa: Estimates from Simulation Modeling [2014]
• Southern Africa
  • Journal of the International AIDS Society
    • Promoting safe infant feeding practices – the importance of structural, social and contextual factors in Southern Africa [2013]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMC Public Health
    • A realist review of infant feeding counselling to increase exclusive breastfeeding by HIV-positive women in sub Saharan-Africa: what works for whom and in what contexts [2019]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and practices of HIV-positive women in Africa: a systematic review [2025]
  • Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
    • Differences in Breastfeeding Duration by Maternal HIV Status: A Pooled Analysis of Nationally Representative Surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa [2024]
  • Journal of the International AIDS Society
    • Optimal breastfeeding durations for HIV-exposed infants: the impact of maternal ART use, infant mortality and replacement feeding risk [2018]
  • PLoS ONE
    • The impact of approaches in improving male partner involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV on the uptake of safe infant feeding practices by HIV positive women in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic review and meta-analysis [2018]
• Switzerland
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Successful implementation of new Swiss recommendations on breastfeeding of infants born to women living with HIV [2023]
  • Swiss Medical Weekly
    • Is breastfeeding an equipoise option in effectively treated HIV-infected mothers in a high-income setting? [2018]
• Tanzania
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Challenges of disseminating clinical practice guidelines in a weak health system: the case of HIV and infant feeding recommendations in Tanzania [2014]
• United Kingdom
  • British HIV Association
    • British HIV Association and Children's HIV Association position statement on infant feeding in the UK 2011 [2011]
  • Department of Health and Social Care
    • Prevention of HIV transmission through breastfeeding: position statement
• United States
  • AIDS Patient Care and STDs
    • Tilting the Scale: Current Provider Perspectives and Practices on Breastfeeding with HIV in the United States [2023]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Infant Feeding for Persons Living With and at Risk for HIV in the United States: Clinical Report [2024]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • HIV and Breastfeeding
  • Clinical Infectious Diseases
    • Breastfeeding and HIV-Infected Women in the United States: Harm Reduction Counseling Strategies [2014]
  • Clinicalinfo
    • Infant Feeding for People with HIV in the United States
  • Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
    • Breastfeeding with HIV [2019]
  • Journal of the International AIDS Society
    • “In the United States, we say, ‘No breastfeeding,’ but that is no longer realistic”: provider perspectives towards infant feeding among women living with HIV in the United States [2019]
  • Lancet Regional Health – Americas
    • Infant feeding for people living with HIV in high resource settings: a multi-disciplinary approach with best practices to maximise risk reduction [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Breastfeeding in women with HIV infection: A qualitative study of barriers and facilitators [2024]
  • Topics in Antiviral Medicine
    • 2023 updated guidelines on infant feeding and HIV in the United States: what are they and why have recommendations changed [2023]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Advocacy brief: breastfeeding and HIV: global breastfeeding collective [2019]
    • Guideline: updates on HIV and infant feeding [2016]
    • Kesho Bora Study: preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV during breastfeeding: policy brief [2011]
    • Guidelines on HIV and infant feeding 2010. Principles and recommendations for infant feeding in the context of HIV and a summary of evidence [2010]
    • HIV transmission through breastfeeding. A review of available evidence. 2007 Update [2008]
    • HIV and infant feeding counselling tools : orientation guide for trainers [2008]
    • HIV and infant feeding : update based on the technical consultation held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV infections in pregnant women, Mothers and their Infants [2007]
    • HIV and infant feeding : new evidence and programmatic experience : report of a technical consultation held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV infections in pregnant women, Mother and their Infants [2007]
    • What are the Options? Using formative research to adapt global recommendations on HIV and infant feeding to the local context [2004]
    • HIV and Infant Feeding. Guidelines for decision-makers [2003]
    • HIV and Infant Feeding. A guide for health-care managers and supervisors [2003]
    • Breastfeeding and replacement feeding practices in the context of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV - An assessment tool for research [2001]
    • Infant feeding for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
• Zambia
  • BMC Public Health
    • Challenges and opportunities of optimal breastfeeding in the context of HIV option B+ guidelines [2017]
  • Journal of the International AIDS Society
    • Efficacy of WHO recommendation for continued breastfeeding and maternal cART for prevention of perinatal and postnatal HIV transmission in Zambia [2015]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • HIV/AIDS in pregnancy and newborn
    • HIV/AIDS
    • Breastfeeding

Medications and breastfeeding

• Australia
  • Australian Prescriber
    • Drugs in breastfeeding [2015]
  • WA Health
    • Domperidone for Mothers of Infants with Insufficient Breast Milk Supply
• Canada
  • Canadian Family Physician
    • Sedating drugs and breastfeeding [2015]
    • Health Canada advisory on domperidone [2012]
• Europe
  • European Medicines Agency
    • Risk assessment of medicinal products on human reproduction and lactation: from data to labelling - Scientific guideline
• Europe, United States
  • Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
    • Antihistamine use during breastfeeding with focus on breast milk transfer and safety in humans: A systematic literature review [2022]
  • Multiple Sclerosis Journal
    • Topical review: Lactation and use of DMTs in women with MS [2024]
  • Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy
    • Concentrations of antiseizure medications in breast milk of lactating women with epilepsy: A systematic review with qualitative synthesis [2022]
• International
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Efficacy and safety of domperidone and metoclopramide on human milk production in postpartum mothers: a bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2024]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Breastfeeding, pregnancy, medicines, neurodevelopment, and population databases: the information desert [2022]
  • International Journal of Infectious Diseases
    • Guides concerning tenofovir exposure via breastfeeding: A comparison of drug dosages by developmental stage [2019]
  • International League Against Epilepsy
    • Breastfeeding while on treatment with antiseizure medications: a systematic review from the ILAE Women Task Force [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Where are the data linking infant outcomes, breastfeeding and medicine exposure? A systematic scoping review [2023]
• Poland
  • Psychiatria Polska
    • Use of psychotropic medications during lactation - practical guidelines for psychiatrists [2022]
• United Kingdom
  • Association of Anaesthetists
    • Guideline on anaesthesia and sedation in breastfeeding women 2020: Guideline from the Association of Anaesthetists [2020]
  • Breastfeeding Network
    • Drugs in Breastmilk factsheets
  • Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
    • Bromocriptine: monitor blood pressure when prescribing bromocriptine for prevention or inhibition of post-partum physiological lactation [2024]
  • Specialist Pharmacy Service
    • Safety in breastfeeding
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactogogues in Initiating or Augmenting Maternal Milk Production, Second Revision 2018 [2018]
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #15: Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Breastfeeding Mother, Revised 2017 [2017]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • The Transfer of Drugs and Therapeutics Into Human Breast Milk: An Update on Selected Topics [2013]
  • American Family Physician
    • Medication Safety in Breastfeeding [2022]
  • American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
    • Medications and Lactation [2024]
  • Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
    • Breastfeeding Recommendations for Women Who Receive Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorders: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 4 [2016]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Vaccines, Drugs, Alcohol, and Breastfeeding
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • Evaluating strength of recommendations for commonly administered medications in lactating women [2023]
  • Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics
    • Breastfeeding and the Pharmacist's Role in Maternal Medication Management: Identifying Barriers and the Need for Continuing Education [2022]
  • LactMed
    • Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
  • Seminars in Perinatology
    • Pharmacotherapy for depression and bipolar disorder during lactation: A framework to aid decision making [2020]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Breastfeeding and maternal medication [2002]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Medications in pregnancy
    • Breastfeeding